BIOS 255 EXAM 3 VERSION A AND B LATEST UPDATE
2024-2025 QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT DETAILED
ANSWERS ALREADY GRADED BY EXPERTS
1.Functions of the Respiratory System
-Gas exchange
-Communication
-Olfaction
-Acid-Base balance
-Blood pressure regulation
-Blood and lymph flow
-Platelet production
-Blood filtration
-Expulsion of abdominal contents
2.Describe high compliance as it relates to healthy functions.
-ease with which the lungs and thoracic wall can be expanded
High compliance= easy expansion
Low compliance= resisted expansion
3.Describe IRDS ( Infant respiratory distress syndrome) and describe the interventions that
would be used to help a newborn premature baby suffering from IRDS.
-leading cause of death in premature infants resulting from lack of surfactant production in
alveoli
-treated with artificial surfactant until they can make their own
4.Define antigens, epitopes and antibodies.
antigens: large molecule capable of binding to an antibody or immune cells and triggering an
immune response
epitopes: certain regions of an antigen molecule that stimulate immune responses
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antibodies: reacts with an antigen and aids in protecting the body from its harmful effects
5.Identify the PO2 measurements at the end of a normal inhalation ( breathing through the
nose ) in each of the following:
Respiratory bronchiole
Alveolus
Nasal cavity
Trachea
Bronchus
Respiratory bronchiole: 104mm Hg
Alveolus: 104mm Hg
Nasal cavity: atmospheric @ 159mm Hg
Trachea: 104mm Hg
Bronchus: 104mm Hg
6.Describe the movement of O2 and CO2 in external and internal respirations and define
internal: exchange of gases between blood in systemic capillaries and tissue cells; blood loses
O2 and gains CO2
external: exchange of gases between the alveoli of the lungs and the blood in pulmonary
capillaries across the respiratory membrane; pulmonary capillary blood gains O2 and loses
CO2.
Pulmonary Ventilation
-breathing
-Inspiration (inhaling) & Expiration (exhaling) of air and involves the exchange of air between
the atmosphere and the alveoli of the lungs
Cellular Respiration
Process that releases energy by breaking down glucose and other food molecules in the
presence of oxygen
7.Effects of Temperature and pH on Oxygen dissociation curves (Figure 22.26 (a) Figure
22.26(b))
Macrophages
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-Phagocytize tissue debris, dead neutrophils, bacteria, and other foreign matter
-Process foreign matter and display antigenic fragments to certain T cells alerting immune
system to the presence of the enemy
8.Identify and label components of the lymphatic system.
Primary:
-Red bone marrow
-Thymus
Secondary:
-Lymph nodes
-Tonsils
-Spleen
9.Describe Red bone marrow
-involved in hematopoiesis (blood formation) and immunity
-Soft, loosely organized, highly vascular material
-B-cell maturation
10.Describe the Lymph nodes
-most numerous lymphatic organs
-removes unwanted waste
-B-cells and T-cells activation site
11.Describe the Tonsils
-found in pharynx
-helps to trap inhaled or ingested foreign substances
-Pharyngeal tonsils
-Palatine tonsils
-Lingual tonsils
12.Describe the thymus
-shrinks as we age and is replaced with adipose tissue
-produces hormones that help to mature and grow the T-cell Lymphocytes
14.Describe what happens in each of the following stages of lymphocyte maturation:
clonal activation
Clonal maturation
Clonal presentation
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15.Describe in detail the effect of the HIV virus on the immune system
-transmitted through blood, semen, vaginal secretions, breast milk, or across the placenta
-common transmission: Sexual intercourse, Contaminated blood products, Contaminated
needles
-develops drug resistance so medicines used in combination
-strikes at the central coordinating agent of innate defense, humoral immunity, and cellular
immunity
Respiratory Volumes and Capacities Figure 22.17
Minute Ventilation Calculation/ Formula for Minute ventilation=
Tidal Volume X Respiratory Rate
16.Describe vaccinations in detail and explain the purpose of the influenza virus vaccine.
Could the vaccine lead to the development of influenza itself?
-consists of dead or attenuated (weakened) pathogens that stimulate the immune response
without causing the disease
-vaccination results in immunity
-it could not give you the flu
List and describe the five different variables that influence the oxygen affinity of hemoglobin
in detail.
Temperature: Active tissue has ↑ temp; promotes O2 unloading
Ambient pH: Active tissue has ↑ CO2; Lowers pH of blood; Promotes O2 unloading
Bisphosphoglycerate (BPG): RBCs produce BPG which binds to Hb; O2 is unloaded; raises body
temp (fever), thyroxine, growth hormone, testosterone, and epinephrine all raise BPG and
promote O2 unloading
Rate of CO2 loading: adjusted to meet needs; Haldane effect; Low level of oxyhemoglobin
enables the blood to transport more CO2
T lymphocytes
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