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PHCY220 - Module 1 Exam Study Guide
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PHCY220 - Module 1 Exam StudyGuide
Classification of medicines (4) - Answer Prescription only
Restricted/Pharmacist only
Pharmacy only
General sale
What needs to be on a prescription? - Answer Written legibly and indelibly printed
1) Dated
2) Full name of the prescriber
3) Full street address of prescriber or postal address if they do not have a workplace
4) Prescriber's telephone number
5) Signed personally by prescriber
1) Surname, each given name, and address of patient
2) Patient DOB if under 13 years
1) Name and strength of medicine
2) Total amount of medicine to be dispensed
2a) If for injection, insertion into cavity of body, or by swallowing - dose & frequency
2b) External use - method & frequency
What must be recorded on a prescription by the pharmacy? - Answer 1) Name &
address of pharmacy
2) Date of dispensing
3) Unique identifying number or code
4) Quantity supplied
5) All prescription forms clearly record who dispensed the prescription and the
pharmacist responsible for the final check for completeness and accuracy
,Fever from infection? - Answer A response to LPS (endotoxin) also known as an
'exogenous pyrogen'
Stimulates the immune system to release soluble mediators (pyrogenic mediators,
endogenous pyrogens)
Causes fever
Evolutionary response to enhance immune function
An increase in temp of 1- 4 oC is associated with improved survival and resolution of
infection
Characteristics of bacteria - Answer they are prokaryotes
no nucleus, ds DNA genome in cytoplasm
no cellular organelles such as mitochondria & endoplasmic reticulum
cell wall****
+/- capsules, spore forming
unicellular
extra-chromosomal DNA (plasmids)
reproduce by binary fission, logarithmic growth
Characteristics of bacteria that are selective drug targets? - Answer 1) Folic Acid
synthesis
2) Bacterial cell wall
3) Outer Membrane (LPS)
4) Protein synthesis (30S & 50S)
5) Replication as a target for anti-bacterial drugs (DNA gyrase, RNA polymerase)
Characteristics of Fungi? - Answer they are eukaryotes
bigger than bacteria
have a nucleus and cellular organelles such as mitochondria & endoplasmic reticulum
unicellular - yeasts e.g. Candida or multicellular - micro-fungi (moulds) or macro-fungi
(mushrooms)
mitotic division (division time 20 hours cf 20 min)
have a cell wall
,no extra-chromosomal DNA
Characteristics of fungi that are selective drug targets? - Answer 1) Cell membrane
contains ergosterol rather than cholesterol
2) Cell wall (Glucan & chitin)
3) DNA and protein synthesis are similar (anti-metabolites: flu cytosine)
Hui Process - Answer Mihimihi
Whakawhanaungatanga
Kaupapa
Poroporoaki/whakamutanga
Innate/Intrinsic Resistance? - Answer Due to an inherent feature of the bacteria, for
example:
1) Drug target is not present
2) Drug can't cross the OM of a gram negative cell
3) The bacteria may naturally have efflux pumps which remove the drug
Acquired Resistance? - Answer 1) Drug accumulation - Decrease entry (influx),
Increased exit (efflux)
2) The target - Replace, Modification, Protection, Overproduction
3) The drug - Inactivates/breaks down the drug, Changes/modifies the drug
Common Gram +ve infections? - Answer skin (Staphylococcus); cellulitis, wound and
blood infections. Gut (Clostridium); diarrhoea, colitis. Respiratory tract (Streptococcus);
Otitis, pneumonia, meningitis
Common Gram -ve infections? - Answer Gut (E coli); GI infections, UTI. Water & soil
(Pseudomonas) various. Gut (Helicobacter); stomach ulcers. Mucosal surfaces
(Neisseria meningitidis & gonorrhoeae)
Trimethoprim MOA? - Answer - Inhibits key enzyme in folate synthesis (dihydrofolate
reductase)
- BacterioSTATIC (Gram +/-)
Trimethoprim Pharmacokinetics? - Answer Given orally (good oral bioavailability)
Fully absorbed from GI tract
High conc. in lung, kidney, CSF
, Weak base, eliminated by kidney (t1/2 =24h)
Synergism with sulphonamides
E.g. trimethoprim and sulphamethoxazole (co-trimoxazole)
Trimethoprim Unwanted effects? - Answer Nausea, vomiting
Folate deficiency
Long term use → megaloblastic anaemia
Blood disorders
Rashes
Trimethoprim Clinical uses? - Answer Never used in pregnancy (neural tube defects
associated with low folate)
Alone: Urinary tract infections (UTIs)
As co-trimoxazole: Bronchitis*, UTIs, Ear infections, Travellers diarrhoea
*if a patient can't have a penicillin
Quinolone class examples? - Answer ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin, moxifloxacin
(levofloxacin section 29)
Quinolone MOA? - Answer Inhibits DNA gyrase (Gram -ve)
Inhibits topoisomerase IV (Gram +ve)
BacteriCIDAL (broad spectrum, G- > G+)
Quinolone Pharmacokinetics? - Answer Well absorbed orally
Accumulate in kidney, prostate, lung
Don't cross BBB (except ofloxacin)
Excreted mainly by the kidney moxifliox only one that doesn't require dose adjustment in
renal failure
Quinolone Unwanted Effects? - Answer Usually mild, reversible.
Most frequent GI (ciprofloxacin, c.difficile colitis)
Skin rashes
Tendon rupture (elderly + corticosteroids)
arthropathy (young patients)
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