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Samenvatting "partim I" - Farmacologie $16.60
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Samenvatting "partim I" - Farmacologie

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Samenvatting van "partim I" als onderdeel van het vak 'Farmacologie' gegeven door prof. Guns PJ. in de 2e Bachelor Geneeskunde aan de UA. Samenvatting gebaseerd op slides, lesnotities én cursus.

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  • September 4, 2024
  • 101
  • 2023/2024
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Inhoudstafel
Inleiding.......................................................................................................................................................... 5
Biologisch effect......................................................................................................................................... 5
Geneesmiddelontwikkeling ....................................................................................................................... 5
Wat is een geneesmiddel........................................................................................................................... 5

Farmacodynamiek..........................................................................................................................................6
Aangrijpingspunten van geneesmiddelen.................................................................................................. 6
Specifieke geneesmiddelen................................................................................................................. 6
Nomenclatuur....................................................................................................................................... 7
Overzicht.............................................................................................................................................. 7
Receptoren.................................................................................................................................................7
Ionotropic receptoren........................................................................................................................... 8
Metabotropic receptoren (GPCR).........................................................................................................8
Tyrosine kinase linked receptoren (“-nibs”).......................................................................................... 9
Nucleaire receptoren............................................................................................................................ 9
Samenvatting....................................................................................................................................... 9
Geneesmiddel – receptor interacties....................................................................................................... 10
Agonist............................................................................................................................................... 10
Antagonisten...................................................................................................................................... 13
Samenvatting..................................................................................................................................... 16
Adaptatie............................................................................................................................................ 16

Farmacokinetiek...........................................................................................................................................18
Inleiding....................................................................................................................................................18
1. Passage door membranen...................................................................................................................18
(Ultra)filtratie.......................................................................................................................................18
Diffusie............................................................................................................................................... 19
Carrier-gemedieerd transport............................................................................................................. 21
Samenvatting..................................................................................................................................... 21
2. Absorptie (opname)..............................................................................................................................21
Galenische formulering...................................................................................................................... 22
Orale absorptie...................................................................................................................................23
Parenterale absorptie......................................................................................................................... 24
Lokale absorptie................................................................................................................................. 24
3. Distributie (verdeling)........................................................................................................................... 25
Verdelingsvolume (VD).......................................................................................................................25
Eiwit-binding....................................................................................................................................... 25
Bloed-hersenbarrière (BHB)...............................................................................................................26
Redistributie....................................................................................................................................... 26
4. Metabolisme.........................................................................................................................................26
Biotransformatie................................................................................................................................. 27
Enterohepatische circulatie................................................................................................................ 27
Pro-drug............................................................................................................................................. 27
5. Eliminatie (excretie)..............................................................................................................................28
Klaring................................................................................................................................................ 28
ADME: samenvatting............................................................................................................................... 29

1

, Farmacokinetische analyse en modellen................................................................................................. 29
Eén-compartiment model................................................................................................................... 29
Twee-compartiment model................................................................................................................. 30
Herhaalde toediening (steady-state)........................................................................................................ 30
1e orde kinetiek.................................................................................................................................. 31
Verzadigingskinetiek (niet-lineair).......................................................................................................32

Individuele variatie in geneesmiddelen respons...................................................................................... 33
Inleiding....................................................................................................................................................33
Oorzaken van individuele variabiliteit.......................................................................................................33
Genetische factoren........................................................................................................................... 33
Leeftijd................................................................................................................................................34
Ziekte..................................................................................................................................................34
Geneesmiddelinteracties....................................................................................................................35

Chemische transmissie en het autonoom zenuwstelsel..........................................................................37
Autonoom zenuwstelsel........................................................................................................................... 37
Chemische transmissie............................................................................................................................ 37
Presynaptische modulatie.................................................................................................................. 38
Co-transmissie................................................................................................................................... 38
Denervatie en supersensitiviteit......................................................................................................... 38

Cholinerge transmissie............................................................................................................................... 39
Cholinerge neurotransmissie................................................................................................................... 39
Voorkomen......................................................................................................................................... 39
Muscarine ACh-receptoren (mAChR)...................................................................................................... 40
mAChR agonisten.............................................................................................................................. 40
mAChR antagonisten......................................................................................................................... 42
Nicotinerge ACh-receptoren (nAChR)......................................................................................................43
nAChR-spierverslappers.................................................................................................................... 44
Afbraak van acetylcholine (ACh)..............................................................................................................45
Cholinesterase-remmers.................................................................................................................... 45
Samenvatting: cholinerg systeem............................................................................................................ 47

Adrenerge transmissie................................................................................................................................ 49
Fysiologie van adrenerge neurotransmissie............................................................................................ 49
Adrenerge receptoren.............................................................................................................................. 50
Adrenerge effecten.............................................................................................................................50
Sympathicomimetica................................................................................................................................ 51
-receptor agonisten............................................................................................................................ 52
-receptor agonisten............................................................................................................................ 53
Sympathicolytica...................................................................................................................................... 54
-receptor antagonisten....................................................................................................................... 54
-receptor antagonisten = “-blokkers” (-olol)........................................................................................ 54
Farmaca die aangrijpen op de levenscyclus van NA/A............................................................................56
NET-inhibitie....................................................................................................................................... 56
Indirecte sympathicomimetica............................................................................................................ 57
Samenvatting: adrenerge receptoren.......................................................................................................57
2

,Andere perifere mediatoren: 5-HT, purines, NO........................................................................................ 58
5-hydroxytryptamine = serotonine............................................................................................................58
Classificatie van 5-HT-receptoren...................................................................................................... 58
Farmaca............................................................................................................................................. 59
Samenvatting: 5-HT........................................................................................................................... 61
Ergotalkaloïden........................................................................................................................................ 61
Belangrijkste actieve stoffen...............................................................................................................62
Purines..................................................................................................................................................... 62
Nucleotide receptoren (in cytosol)......................................................................................................63
Farmaca............................................................................................................................................. 63
Stikstofoxide (NO).................................................................................................................................... 64
Effecten van NO................................................................................................................................. 64
NO-donoren........................................................................................................................................65
PDE-V remmers................................................................................................................................. 65

Lokale hormonen, ontsteking en allergie.................................................................................................. 67
Inleiding....................................................................................................................................................67
Immuunsysteem................................................................................................................................. 67
Histamine................................................................................................................................................. 67
Antihistaminica................................................................................................................................... 68
Indirecte antihistaminica.....................................................................................................................69
EicosanoÏden........................................................................................................................................... 70
Prostaglandines....................................................................................................................................... 70
Fysiologische effecten........................................................................................................................70
Klinische toepassingen.......................................................................................................................71
Leukotriënen............................................................................................................................................ 72
Fysiologische effecten........................................................................................................................72
Leukotriene-receptor antagonisten.....................................................................................................72
Bradykinine (BK)...................................................................................................................................... 72
Fysiologische effecten........................................................................................................................73

Anti-inflammatoire en immunosuppressieve farmaca............................................................................. 74
NSAID...................................................................................................................................................... 74
Nevenwerkingen.................................................................................................................................74
Farmaca............................................................................................................................................. 75
Glucocorticoïden...................................................................................................................................... 77
Kinetiek...............................................................................................................................................78
Effecten.............................................................................................................................................. 79
Indicaties............................................................................................................................................ 79
DMARD.................................................................................................................................................... 80
Conventionele/synthetische DMARD’s...............................................................................................81
Biologische DMARD’s........................................................................................................................ 82
Tyrosine kinase (JAK) inhibitoren.......................................................................................................82
Immunosuppressiva................................................................................................................................. 83
Aangrijpingspunten.............................................................................................................................83
Farmaca............................................................................................................................................. 84
Anti-jicht middelen....................................................................................................................................85
Acute aanval.......................................................................................................................................86
3

, Chronisch........................................................................................................................................... 86
Samenvatting: anti-jicht medicatie......................................................................................................87

Hemostase = bloedstolling......................................................................................................................... 88
Hemostase............................................................................................................................................... 88
Rol van endotheelcellen bij de regulatie van hemostase................................................................... 88
Trombo-embolische aandoeningen.................................................................................................... 89
Rol van bloedplaatjes...............................................................................................................................89
Stimuli van bloedplaatjes....................................................................................................................90
Farmaca............................................................................................................................................. 91
Samenvatting: bloedplaatjesremmers................................................................................................ 94
Rol van bloedplaatjes...............................................................................................................................94
Protrombinase complex (F–Va complex)........................................................................................... 95
Anticoagulantia...................................................................................................................................95
Vitamine K.......................................................................................................................................... 96
Injecteerbare anticoagulantia............................................................................................................. 97
Directe orale anticoagulantia..............................................................................................................99
DOAC vs. vitamine K antagonisten.................................................................................................. 100
Fibrinolyse..............................................................................................................................................101
Fibrinolytica...................................................................................................................................... 101




4

,Inleiding
Biologisch effect
● farmacodynamiek (PD) = hoe werkt een geneesmiddel in een organisme
○ dosis → plasmaconcentratie op een bepaald tijdstip
● farmacokinetiek (PK) = wat doet een organisme met een geneesmiddel
○ plasmaconcentratie → effect

⇒ bepalen het biologisch effect




Geneesmiddelontwikkeling NIET
● kostelijk: 1-2 miljard euro
● lang proces: 10 jaar

proces
1. drug discovery
● meestal: academisch onderzoek ontdekt nieuwe pathway die gekoppeld is aan een ziekte
○ inhibitie/modulatie van deze pathway kan het ziekteproces beïnvloeden
2. pre-klinische fase
● hits (actieve moleculen) testen op proefdieren
3. klinische fase
● fase 1: farmacokinetiek en veiligheid bestuderen
○ 10-tal gezonde vrijwilligers
● fase 2: efficaciteit aantonen
○ 100-tal patiënten
● fase 3: grootschalige effecten en nevenwerkingen documenteren
○ > 1000 vrijwilligers/patiënten


Wat is een geneesmiddel
conventionele geneesmiddelen
● small molecules: < 400 g/mol = 400 Dalton
○ orale toediening: opname via plasmamembraan
● NSAID’s (bv. aspirine), synthetische statines

biologische geneesmiddelen = biologicals
● grotere molecules
○ selectievere en specifiekere interactie met target
○ parenterale toediening (IV of SC)
● hormonen (bv. insuline), monoklonale antilichamen
5

,Farmacodynamiek
Aangrijpingspunten van geneesmiddelen

niet-specifiek specifiek

lage chemische en biologische specificiteit hoge chemische en biologische specificiteit
→ grote hoeveelheid nodig
4 aangrijpingspunten
fysio-chemische werking ● receptoren
● ion-kanalen
● antacida = anti-zuren ● opnamesystemen
● bulklaxativa ● enzymen
● osmotische diuretica ● (gentherapie)
● actieve koolstof
● plasmavervangers


voorbeeld: inhibitie van maagzuursecretie
● niet-specifiek
○ antacida = zouten (bv. natriumbicarbonaat) die zuur neutraliseren
○ alginaat of sucralfaat: fysische barrière aan de binnenkant van de maag, als beschermlaag
tegen zuur
● specifiek
○ H2-antagonisten = histamine-receptor antagonist
■ binding van histamine op H2-receptoren activeert pariëtaalcellen tot
maagzuursecretie
○ protonpompinhibitoren (PPI)
■ inhibitie van K+/H+-ATPase, waardoor pariëtaalcellen het zuur niet kunnen secreteren




Specifieke geneesmiddelen
chemische specificiteit: de ruimtelijke configuratie van een geneesmiddel bepaalt de binding (affiniteit)
met zijn target
● bv. angiotensine II – angiotensine II receptor
○ octapeptide (8 AZ) → afsplitsing van één AZ (7 AZ)
○ L-AZ → D-AZ (inactief spiegelbeeld molecule)

⇒ activiteit verlies: minder affiniteit voor de receptor

biologische specificiteit: bepaald door verschillen in expressie van aangrijpingspunten (bv. receptoren)
● bv. angiotensine II receptoren
○ wel in gladde spiercellen van bloedvaten: contractie
6

, ○ wel in proximale tubulus van nier: Na+-reabsorptie
○ niet in gastro-intestinaal stelsel


Nomenclatuur
● receptoren
○ agonist – antagonist
● ion-kanalen
○ blockers – modulatoren
● enzymen
○ inhibitor – pro-drug
● transporters
○ inhibitor

uitzonderingen
● β-blockers werken in ter hoogte van receptoren → β-receptor antagonisten
● Ca2+-kanaal antagonisten werken in ter hoogte van ionkanalen → Ca+-kanaal blokkers




Overzicht




Receptoren
= sensoren voor bepaalde moleculen die signalen buiten de cel capteren en omzetten naar signalen in de
cel, om chemische communicatie tussen cellen mogelijk maken

4 klassen
● ionotropic receptoren = ion-kanaal gekoppelde receptoren
● metabotropic receptoren = G-proteïne gekoppelde receptoren (GPCR)
● tyrosine kinase-linked receptoren
● nucleaire receptoren




7

, Ionotropic receptoren
1. agonist bindt op zijn membraanreceptor en wekt een signaal op
2. second messenger: ionen potentiaal
● signaal leidt tot flux van ionen → depolarisatie (activatie) of hyperpolarisatie (inhibitie)

voorkomen: snelle aansturing van zenuw- en spierweefsel
● nicotinerge ACh-receptoren (nAChR)
● GABAA-receptoren die Cl--kanalen openen (inhibitie)
● glutamaat-receptoren die Ca2+-kanalen openen (activatie)


Metabotropic receptoren (GPCR)
1. agonist bindt op zijn membraanreceptor en activeert het G-proteïne
● koppeling aan adenylate cyclase, met vorming van cAMP
○ Gαs (stimulerend), Gαi (inhiberend)
● koppeling aan fosfolipase C
○ Gαq
2. geactiveerd G-proteïne initieert een second messenger
● cAMP, cGMP, IP3, DAG


Gladde spiercellen
β2-receptoren: gekoppeld aan Gαs-protein
1. stimulatie cAMP → activatie van proteïne kinase A (PKA)
2. inhibitie van myosine light chain (MLC) kinase door fosforylatie → relaxatie van gladde spiercellen

⇒ effecten van cAMP verschillen naargelang het weefsel

α1-receptoren: gekoppeld aan Gαq-proteïne
1. activatie van membraangebonden fosfolipase C (PLC)
2. cleavage van PIP2 in DAG en IP3 (second messenger)
3. DAG activeert proteïne kinase C (PKC)
4. IP3 bindt op het sarcoplasmatisch reticulum (Ca2+-reservoir) die Ca2+ zal vrijstelling
5. Ca2+-induced Ca2+-influx: instroom van Ca2+ via voltage-gated calcium-channels (VGCC)
6. contractie van gladde spiercellen door binding van Ca2+ op calmodulin en activatie van myosine light
chain (MLC) kinase

8

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