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GI Final PHCY220 Exam Study Guide
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GI Final PHCY220 Exam StudyGuide
Pathogen of the stomach and Duodenum - Answer Helicobacter pylori
H. Pylori causes - Answer Peptic ulcers
Treatment for H. Pylori - Answer Antacids/symptom relief
Pathogens that cause food posioning - Answer Staphylococcus aureus, Clostridium
perfringens, Clostridium botulium, Virbro parahaemolyticus, V. vulnificus
Sally Allie, Chloe Polly, Chloe Bolly, Vibro parahaemo, Vibro Vulificus
Pathogens that cause Superficial Infections in the intestine - Answer Campylobacter
jejuni, Shingella Dysentery, Salmonella, Escherichia coli
Norovirus features - Answer Single stranded, non-enveloped virus responisble for
20-60% of acute gastroenteritis.
Norovirus method of transmission - Answer Direct from contaminated food and water
Rotavirus Features - Answer Double stranded no-enveloped RNA virus
Rotavirus pathogenesis - Answer ingestion of virus →
Increase gut motility due to enterotoxin release → Activation of vomiting centre in brain
→ Fever from released pyrogens IL-6 and TNF
Rotavirus Treatment - Answer Self-resolving after 1-2 weeks, re-hydration
Transmission of Rotavirus - Answer Faecal-oral route (highly contagious), water bourne
Enteroviruse Features - Answer Non-enveloped, single stranded RNA, Infcets GI then
spreads systemically
Transmission of Enterovirus - Answer Fecal-Oral route
C. Parvum, C.hominis are types of ... - Answer Protozoa
Protozoa are resistant to ... - Answer Many disinfectants
Crytosporidium Trasmission - Answer Faecal-oral route commonly water
Treatment of Cryptosporidium - Answer Nitazoxanide
Giardia Lamblia Features - Answer Protozoa, cyst carried by humans and animals,
, commonly spread via water but also person-person, sexual or zoonotic
Phases of Gastric Secretion - Answer 1) Cephalic phase (stimulated by thought, smell,
and taste of food)
2) Gastric phase (stimulated by distention of the stomach)
3) Intestinal phase (stimulated by histamine and digested protein)
Promote secretion of acid by the stomach.
Gastric defences against acid (3) - Answer Secretion of mucous layer to slow ions,
Prostagladins inhibits H+ secretion by parietal cells, Secretion of bicarbonate
Prostagladin function defence against acid - Answer Inhibits H+ Secretion by parietal
cells and stimulates mucous secretion
Gastric Acid Conditions (4) - Answer Gastrointestinal Oesophageal Reflux Disease
(GORD), Peptic Ulcers, Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome, Stress Related Mucosal Injury
What is Heart Burn - Answer GORD or reflux of gastric acid into the oesophagus
Main cause of peptic ulcers - Answer Helicobacter pylori
What is Zollinger-Ellison syndrome? - Answer Excessive gastrin production leading to
excessive acid production
Two Methods to Treat Gastric Acid Conditions - Answer Enhance Mucosal Defence or
Acid suppression
Two types of Mucosal defence enhancement therapies - Answer Antacids (any kind of
bicarbonate), Prostaglandins
... carbonate has a laxative effect where ... carbonate causes constipation - Answer
Magnesium, Aluminium
How do prostaglandins protect stomach from acid? - Answer Decrease acid production,
stimulate cells to secrete bicarbonate and mucus
Two types of Acid suppression therapies for the treatment of Gastric Acid Conditions -
Answer H2 Receptor antagonist or Proton Pump Inhibitors (PPIs)
How do PPIs work - Answer Irreversible inhibit the H+/K+ ATPase in stomach parietal
cells, not allowing Hydrogen ions into the gastric lumen
Main PPI in NZ - Answer Omeprazole
Why Dispense a PPI with a NSAID? - Answer Do reduce the risk of a Gastric Ulcer in
patients that will be taking NSAIDs long term. Also PPIs can help healing of previous
ulcerations.
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