Solutions|chemistry 2| short notes for NEET 2024-25| Summary notes for NEET 2024-25| As per latest syllabus
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Chemistry : Textbook For Class Xii
This document provides you with a summary of the SOLUTION chapter of chemistry class 12th for NEET 2024-25. It typically includes types of solutions, solubility, concentration terms, osmotic pressure, reverse osmosis, azeotropes, association, dissociation, RAOULT'S LAW, HENRY'S LAW, vapor pressure,...
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SOLUTION
(1) Concentration Terms:
w/w, v/v, w/v, v/w, mass fraction, volume
fraction, mole fraction, strength, molarity, and
molality. (ALREADY DISCUSSED IN 1ST DOCs)
A. Ppm (parts per million): 106
(ppm)A by mass (w/w) = mass of A × 106
Total mass
(ppm)A by volume (v/v) = volume of A × 106
Total volume
(ppm)A mass by volume (w/v) = mass of A × 106
Total volume
B.Ppb (parts per billion): 109
(ppb)A by mass = mass of A × 109
Total mass
(ppb)A by volume = volume of A × 109
Total volume
(ppb)A mass by volume = mass of A × 109
Total volume
C. Normality: (n Equivalent) Solute
V (L)
, = Number of equivalents of solute
Volume of solution (in L)
Unit = equivalents/litre
n Equivalent = n mol × n-factor
Normality = Molarity × n-factor
Equivalent mass = Molar mass
n-factor
Dilution or Concentration = N1V1 = N2V2
Mixing = N Mix = | N1V1 ± N2V2 |
V Mix
n-factor:
1.Atom = valency
2. Ions = |charge|
3.Salts = |charge on cation or anion|
4.Acids = basicity or number of H+ ion released
5.Bases = acidity or number of OH- ion released
6.Oxidation = number of e- lost
7.Reduction = number of e- gained
8.Redox reaction = |Increase in oxidation
number = decreases in oxidation number|
Equivalent mass of an element:
It is defined as mass of element that
combines with 1g of H or 8g of O etc.
, Law of Equivalence:
(Number of equivalents) Reactant = (Number of
equivalents) Products
D. Solubility:
Maximum amount of solute that can be
dissolved in a given solvent at a given
temperature and pressure.
Solute (2) present in less quantity (less
mass or moles)
Solvent (1) present in more quantity (more
mass or moles)
Types of solutions:
1)Unsaturated solution- more solute can be
added in a given solvent at a given
temperature.
2)Saturated solution- no more solute can be
added to a given solvent at a given
temperature.
3)Supersaturated solution- more solute can
be added in a saturated solution at high
temperature.
Solubility of solids(solute) in
liquids(solvent):
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