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CMB2004 (immunity) Exam Questions And Answers 100% Verified. What must an effective immune response do? (4 things) - answerBe able to recognise and respond to invading pathogen Not over-react to to benign or self Be able to direct different effector mechanisms against different pathogens Link...

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  • September 5, 2024
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©THEBRIGHTSTARS 2024


CMB2004 (immunity) Exam Questions And
Answers 100% Verified.


What must an effective immune response do? (4 things) - answer✔✔Be able to recognise and
respond to invading pathogen


Not over-react to to benign or self


Be able to direct different effector mechanisms against different pathogens


Links innate and adaptive responses

What is adaptive immunity? (3 details) - answer✔✔It is induced by exposure to a
PARTICULAR infection, it has a high degree of specificity.


It exhibits memory

What is the clonal selection theory? Why? - answer✔✔It states that each lymphocyte has
membrane-bound immunoglobulin receptors specific for a particular antigen and after the
receptor is engaged, proliferation of the cell occurs such that a clone of antibody-producing cells
is produced.
This is because there's a low frequency of cells specific for any antigen, more receptors than
cells.
Describe the level of antibody production in the primary and secondary immune response? -
answer✔✔When first exposed to antigen, low antibody production (innate response, non
specific)


Adaptive starts to with increased Ig production.

, ©THEBRIGHTSTARS 2024

Decrease in Ig means the immune response has been successful.


With a secondary infection the lag phase would be quicker, so more antibodies are produced
quickly.

Where's the BCR expressed? - answer✔✔by B lymphocytes (The membrane form of Ig),
secreted when the B cell is activated)`

What does the BCR bind? - answer✔✔Free antigen

Where's the TCR expressed? - answer✔✔On T lymphocytes, membrane form only

What does the TCR bind? - answer✔✔Recognizes peptide fragments (processed antigen)
bound to MHC

What's the immunoglobulin superfamily? - answer✔✔a large group of cell surface and soluble
proteins that are involved in the recognition, binding, or adhesion processes of cells. Including
Antibodies T cell receptors, MHC molecules

What are the two main functions of antibodies? - answer✔✔To activate complement- for
oposonisation, classical pathway activation and MAC


Activation of effector cells- Cells that express FcR (the receptor that binds to the FC region of
the antibody)

Describe the structure of an antibody - answer✔✔Formed via 4 polypeptides
C terminus at the constant region, N terminus at the variable regions.


Has different domains, Hc identical as are Lc


held by both covalent and non covalent bonds

What region of an antibody is the antigen binding site made up of? - answer✔✔The variable
regions of one heavy and one light chain

What is the constant region of an antibody? - answer✔✔The region which is the same in any
antibody. Responsible with interacting with molecules such as FcR and cells of the innate system
for antibody effector functions

What's the structure of a light chain of the antibody? - answer✔✔It has a lamda or kappa regions

, ©THEBRIGHTSTARS 2024

What are Fc regions? - answer✔✔They are Ch regions which interact with effector cells via FcR
and complement

What are the 5 classes of antibodies? - answer✔✔IgM---- largest antibody, first to appear,
pentamer (10 binding sites)


IgA---- mucosal immunity, including tears and saliva


IgD--- coexpression with IgM, Secreted in blood serum


IgG---Most common, crosses placenta so protects the fetus, causes opsonisation


IgE--- immunity to helminths, least abundant, allergies

What are domains in an antibody? - answer✔✔The domains are highly conserved between bits
of the immune system,


The heavy chain has 4 or 5 whilst the light has 2


Composed of 2 beta sheets held via disulphide bridges


each 110 aa in length

What is the MHC? - answer✔✔Major histocompatibility complex


A set of genes which encode cell surface molecules, bind peptide fragments and display then on
the surface for recognition.

How do antibodies and antigen interact? - answer✔✔Via the binding site, variable regions are
specific to a given antibody..
possess hypervariable regions, variable regions within variable regions ( 3 in Hv and 3 in Lv)
HV1-3

, ©THEBRIGHTSTARS 2024

6 hv loops make up the binding site

What are complementary determining regions? - answer✔✔CDRs are the same as hypervariable
regions (CDR1-3)


Antigen binds to amino acids in CDRs (affected by the size and shape)

What are the two types of antigen recognition? - answer✔✔Linear (continuous) epitope: 3 single
amino acids/ 3 regions of antigen , sequential


Non linear/discontinuous epitope: conformational

What is an epitope? - answer✔✔The region of an antigen that the antibody recognises

Describe the structure of the TCR? - answer✔✔Recognises short peptide fragments, bound to
MHC


It's a heterodimer of alpha and beta


each chain possesses a V and C region


4 domains are Ig like


V domains interact with antigen


each chain contributes 3 CDRs to antigen binding

What's the difference in structure between MHC class I & II? - answer✔✔Class I: 1 TM domain
(expressed on ALL nucleated cells)


Class II: 2 TM domains (on only APC)

What's the MHC in humans? - answer✔✔Human Leukacytes Antigen (HLAs):

What are class I HLAs? - answer✔✔HLA-A, HLA-B and HLA-C

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