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PSYCHOLOGY A-LEVEL PAPER 2 REVISION (ADVANCED INFORMATION) APPROACHES WITH CORRECT ANSWERS
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PSYCHOLOGY A-LEVEL PAPER 2 REVISION (ADVANCED INFORMATION) APPROACHES WITH CORRECT ANSWERS
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PSYCHOLOGY A-LEVEL PAPER 2REVISION (ADVANCED INFORMATION)
APPROACHES WITH CORRECT
ANSWERS
The cbehaviourist capproach c- ccorrect canswers✔✔Suggests cthat call cbehaviour cis
clearnt cas ca cdirect cresult cto cour cenvironment cand cthat cwe care cborn cwith ca cblank
cslate. cUses cclassical cand coperant cconditioning.
Behaviourists cbelieve cthat ctheories cneed cto cbe cevidenced cby cempirical cdata
cacquired cthrough ccareful cand ccontrolled cobservation cand cmeasurement cof
cbehaviour.
Classical cconditioning c- ccorrect canswers✔✔Learning cby cassociation
Pavlov's cexperiment c(1897) c- ccorrect canswers✔✔- cDogs cpresented cwith ca cbowl cof
cfood c(unconditioned cstimulus) cproducing csalivation c(unconditioned cresponse).
- cA cbell c(neutral cstimulus) cis crang cand cthen cthe cdog cis cpresented cwith cthe cbowl cof
cfood.
- cThe cbell cbecomes ca cconditioned cstimulus cso cwhen cthe cdog chears cthe cbell cit cwill
cnow csalivate cbefore cseeing cthe cfood, cwhich cis ca cconditioned cresponse.
What cis cacquisition? c- ccorrect canswers✔✔The cphase cof cclassical cconditioning
cwhen cthe cCS cand cthe cUS care cpresented ctogether.
What cis cextinction? c- ccorrect canswers✔✔When cthe cconditioned cstimulus cno clonger
celicits cthe cconditioned cresponse.
What cis cspontaneous crecovery? c- ccorrect canswers✔✔The creappearance, cafter ca
cpause, cof can cextinguished cconditioned cresponse.
Operant cconditioning c- ccorrect canswers✔✔Learning cby creinforcement
Skinner's cBox c(1938) c- ccorrect canswers✔✔- cSkinner cintroduced ca chungry crat cinto
cthe cbox cand cinside cthe cbox cwas ca clever cthat cwhen cpressed, cwould cdeliver ca cfood
cpellet. cThe crat csoon clearned cthat cpressing cthe clever cwould cresult cin ca cfood cpellet
c(reward).
- cSkinner cobserved cthat cas ca cconsequence cof cits cactions c(receiving ca cpellet cof
cfood), cthe crat ccontinued cto cdisplay cthis cnew cbehaviour. cThe crat's cbehaviour chad
cbeen cpositively creinforced.
, - cPunishment: cSkinner cchanged cthe cmechanism cso cthat cwhen cthe crat cplaced cthe
clever, cinstead cof creceiving ca cfood cpellet cit cwas cgiven can celectric cshock cto cits
cpaw. cVery cquickly cthe crat cstopped cpressing cthe clever. cThe cshock cacted cas
cpunishment.
- cNegative creinforcement: cSkinner cshowed cnegative creinforcement cby cplacing ca crat
cinto chis cskinner cbox cand csubjecting cit cto can cunpleasant celectric ccurrent cwhich
ccaused cit csome cdiscomfort. cAs cthe crat cmoved cabout cthe cbox cit cwould caccidentally
cknock cthe clever. cAs cthe clever cwas cknocked cthe ccurrent cswitched coff. cThe crats
cquickly clearned cto cgo cstraight cto cthe clever cafter ca cfew ctimes cof cbeing cput cin cthe
cbox. cThe cconsequence cof cescaping cthe celectric ccurrent censured cthey cwould
crepeat cthe caction.
Positive creinforcement c- ccorrect canswers✔✔Increasing cbehaviours cby cpresenting
cpositive cstimuli, csuch cas cfood. cA cpositive creinforcer cis cany cstimulus cthat, cwhen
cpresented cafter ca cresponse, cstrengthens cthe cresponse.
Negative creinforcement c- ccorrect canswers✔✔Increasing cbehaviours cby cstopping cor
creducing cnegative cstimuli, csuch cas cshock. cA cnegative creinforcer cis cany cstimulus
cthat, cwhen cremoved cafter ca cresponse, cstrengthens cthe cresponse. c(Note: cnegative
creinforcement cis cnot cpunishment.)
Punishment c- ccorrect canswers✔✔An cevent cthat cdecreases cthe cbehaviour cthat cit
cfollows ce.g., can celectric cshock cfollowing ca ccertain cresponse.
Strengths cof cthe cbehaviourist capproach c- ccorrect canswers✔✔There cis cevidence cto
csupport cthe cbehaviourist capproach. cFor cexample, cWatson cand cRayner cclassically
cconditioned can c11 cmonth cold cboy c(Little cAlbert) cto cfear crats cby cpresenting cthem
cwith ca cloud cnoise. cThis cis ca cstrength cbecause cthe cfact cthat cLittle cAlbert clearned
cto cfear cwhite cfluffy canimals csupports cthe crole cof cClassical cConditioning cin clearning
cbehaviour. c
The cbehaviourist capproach chas chad cmany cuseful cpractical capplications. cFor
cexample, cthis capproach chas callowed cPsychologists cto cdevelop csuccessful
ctherapies cfor ctreating cabnormalities c(e.g. cflooding) cwhich crequire cindividuals cto
cunlearn ctheir cdisorder cusing cthe cprincipals cof cclassical cconditioning. cThis cis ca
cstrength cbecause, cthe cfact cthat cflooding cis csuch ca csuccessful ctreatment cshows
cthat cif cbehaviours c(e.g. cphobias) ccan cbe cunlearned cthrough cclassical cconditioning
cthen cother cbehaviours cthat cindividuals clearned cmust chave cdeveloped cthrough
cclassical cconditioning.
Weaknesses cof cthe cbehaviourist capproach c- ccorrect canswers✔✔The cbehaviourist
capproach cis cdeterministic, cclaiming cthat call cthought cand cbehaviour cis ccaused cby
cfactors coutside cof cour ccontrol. cFor cexample, cthe capproach cstates cthat cwe cdevelop
cbehaviours cthrough cstimuli-response cassociations cand cthrough cthe clearning cthat
ctakes cplace cas cwe cinteract cwith cour cenvironment. cThis cis ca cweakness cbecause,
cthe cBehavioural capproach cfails cto cconsider cthe crole cof cfree cwill, cit cstates cthat cwe
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