College notes + exam questions Introduction to communication science
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Course
Inleiding Communicatiewetenschap (S_ICS)
Institution
Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (VU)
Book
ISE A First Look at Communication Theory
This summary provides a comprehensive overview of the most important concepts, theories and examples covered in the course Introduction to Communication Science. The document is based on the lecture notes and contains a structured overview of the most important subject matter. + Lots of practice qu...
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Communicatiewetenschap
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Inleiding Communicatiewetenschappen
Informatie over het vak
Zelfstudie van video’s en lezen
Werkgroepen: aan de slag met de stof die je bestudeerd hebt, discussies
en opdrachten
Wekelijkse toetsjes
Tentamens zijn voornamelijk meerkeuze vragen: sommige open vragen
waarbij je één woord moet kiezen
Vanaf volgende week zijn de toetsjes om 10:00u in plaats van om 9:00u
Belangrijk om het boek te lezen
Wekelijkse toetsen zijn verplicht
De wekelijkse toetsen zijn makkelijker dan de twee deeltentamens, dus
daar moet je echt nog wel beter voor studeren
Er komt voor elk deeltentamen een oefententamen online één week van te
voren
Andere 5 wekelijkse toetsen tellen wel 5% mee en de team toets erna telt
ook 5% mee: in totaal 10%
,Stof week 1 video’s en aantekeningen
Chapter 1:
Theory – set of systematic, informed hunches about the way things work
Set of hunches
Informed hunches
Hunches that are systematic
Theories grow and mature over time!
Wat is een theorie?
Wat is communicatie?
Communication: the relational process of creating and interpreting messages that
elicit a response
1. Messages
Messages (or texts) are central to communication scholars
Text – record of a message that can be analyzed by others; for example,
books, films, DVDs, a silent YouTube video, or any transcript or recording
2. Ceation of messages
• A message is constructed, invented, planned, crafted, constituted,
selected, or adopted by the communicator
• Either conscious or unconscious. But, they always
have a meaning
3. Interpretation of messages
, • The receiver has to decode the message (work out, sort out, piece
together)
• Messages are polysemic—they’re open to multiple interpretations.
4. A relational process
It takes place between two or more persons
It affects the nature of the connections among those people
5. Messages that elicit a response
When communicating, it is all about the response
Effect of a commercial
Learning from a video like this
Crying about a romantic scene in a movie
Informing people in health campaign
Talking with your best friends
Definition: Communication is the relational process of creating and interpreting
messages that elicit a response.
Definition: Theory is a set of systematic, informed hunches about the way things
work.
Creating messages: A message is constructed, invented, planned, crafted,
constituted, selected, or adopted by the communicator . Either conscious or
unconscious. But, they always have a meaning.
Chapter 2:
Different perspectives on theory
1. Objective theories
2. Interpretive theories
4 dimensions
1) Ways of knowing: discovering truth or creating multiplue realities?
Objective > only one truth > the earth is round
Interpretive > deal with different questions > eating meat is bad >
depends on who you are asking (doctors or farmers)
2) Human nature: determinism or free will?
Objective > determinism > focus on human behaviour as a consequence
of heredity and environment (nurture and nature)
Interpretive > focus on the conciour choises made by people > free will > I
decide
, 3) The highest value: objectivity of emancipation
Objective > finding the truth, testing hypotheses, what is
Interpretive > understanding, make the world a better place, what ought
to be
4) Purpose of theory: universal laws or interpretive guides
Objective > seeking for universal laws, but there is never complete proof
Interpretive > interpreting particular ‘texts’ and give meaning to them, not
about proving, but about understanding.
Wrap up:
• Individuals may have a preference for a more objective or interpretive approach
• Fundamental differences exist between the two theoretical positions, but they
are neither entirely separate normutually exclusive
• So, it is no “either, or” and good scholars should at least be aware of the
various
positions someone can have on the dimension objective -- interpretive
Chapter 3:
“What makes a theory good?”
Objective theory:
Standard 1: prediction of future events
o Objective theory predicts what will happen
Standard 2: explanation of the data
o Testing by gathering data and see patterns or relations, and finally
see whether these patterns fit with our hunches.
Standard 3: relative simplicity
o ‘Rule of parsimony’: given two plausible explanations for the same
event, we should first accept and test the simpler version.
Standard 4: hypotheses that can be tested
o ‘Failsifiability’: requierement that scientific theory must be stated in
a way that it can be tested and disproved if it is wrong.
Standard 5: practical utility
o Good objective theory is useful
Standard 6: quantitative research
o Most objective research depends on a comparison of differences or
testing relations: esperiment and survey
Interpretive theory:
Standard 1: clarification of values
o Brings people’s values into the open
Standard 2: new understanding of people
o Offers fresh insight into human condition
o One- of- a kind speech community
o ‘Self- referential imperative’: researcher includes her/his own value
as it is believed impossible not to do so.
Standard 3: aesthetic appeal
o Way of capturing theories > with imaginations > clarity and artistry
Standard 4: community of agreement
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