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PHCY 500 - Stats Exam Study Guide
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PHCY 500 - Stats ExamStudy Guide
independent (predictor, experimental) variable - Answer a variable that is observed or
manipulated in order to determine its relationship with the dependent variable
dependent variable (outcome, output, effect of interest) - Answer a variable that is
observed in relationship to the independent variable
Discrete variables - Answer 1. Nominal
a. Dichotomous
2. Ordinal
Nominal variables - Answer fall into two or more named categories
(ex. cities)
Dichotomous (binary) variables - Answer nominal variables that fall into only two
categories
(ex. coin toss)
Ordinal variables - Answer clearly ordered categories
(ex. high/medium/low)
Continuous variables - Answer 1. Interval
2. Ratio
Interval variables - Answer Meaningful intervals between measurements.
The difference between a temperature of 70 and 80 degrees, for example, is the same
difference as between 80 and 90 degrees.
Ratio variables - Answer Include the value 0.
(ex. weight, height, enzyme activity)
Sample - Answer The subset or group (e.g., individuals, cells, animals, machines) drawn
from the population for data collection
Descriptive statistics - Answer Aggregate numbers that describe the sample
, Inferential statistics - Answer Make inferences based on sample studied
Central tendency - Answer An estimate of the "center" of a distribution of values for
continuous variables
1. Mean
2. Median
3. Mode
Mean - Answer Calculated by adding up all the values and dividing by the number of the
values
Median - Answer The value found in the exact middle of the set of values.
Mode - Answer The most frequently occurring value
Dispersion - Answer Represents the spread of the data round the measure of central
tendency.
1. SD
2. Range
3. Interquartile range (IQR)
Standard deviation (SD) - Answer The relation of the values to the mean
Most commonly reported with the mean
Range - Answer The difference between the highest value and the lowest value.
*Sensitive to outliers
Interquartile range (IQR) - Answer Called middle fifty or mid spread
The difference between the first and the third quartile of data
Corresponding measure of central tendency = median
Frequency distribution - Answer Summary of the frequency of individual values or
ranges of values for a variable.
Usually represented as a table or as a graph.N
Normal distribution - Answer The Gaussian or bell curve, in which 50% of the values
occur above and below the mean, 68% of values fall within 1 standard deviation, 95% of
values fall within 2 standard deviations, 99% of the values fall within 3 standard
deviations, and the mean = median = mode.
Binomial distribution - Answer The probability distribution for a binomial variable that is
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