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MCN 354 PATHO BASIS OF ADV UNIT 1 STUDY NOTES UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH ALABAMA
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MCN 354 PATHO BASIS OF ADV UNIT 1 STUDY NOTES UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH ALABAMA
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MCN 354 PATHO BASIS OF ADV UNIT1 STUDY NOTES UNIVERSITY OF
SOUTH ALABAMA
, lOMoARcPSD|19857451
Study Guide Unit 1 NU 545
1. What is metabolic absorption? (page 2)
• All cells can take in and use nutrients and other substances from their surroundings
• EX: Cells of the intestine or kidneys
• One of the eight chief cellular functions of eukaryote cell
• Chief function is to take in and use nutrients or other substances from surrounding
• Ex: kidney (fluid absorption and synthesize proteins) and Intestinal epithelial cells (fluid
absorption/protein enzyme synthesis)
2. What uses oxygen to remove hydrogen atoms in an oxidative reaction? (page 5)
• Peroxisomes
• contain enzymes that use oxygen to remove hydrogen in oxidative reactions that
produces hydrogen peroxide which is then used by catalase to further oxidize other
substances like; phenols, formic acid, formaldehyde, and alcohol
3. During cell injury what is released that is capable of cellular autodigestion? (page 5)
• Lysosomes
4. Where is the genetic info contained in the cell? (page 2)
• Nucleus
5. Cell membranes contain which major chemical components? (p7-9; together these components
make up the fluid mosaic model)
• Lipids (phospholipids and cholesterol)
• Proteins
• Carbohydrates
6. What allows potassium to diffuse in and out of cells? (p 25)
• Active transport (sodium-potassium pump?)
K+ leak channels allow for passive diffusion
Sodium-Potassium adenosine triphosphate pump, aka Na+/K+ Pump, or Na+ pump
• Binding of extracellular messenger (ligand) alters passage through receptor opening the pump and
, lOMoARcPSD|19857451
allowing Na and K to travel freely. This process is know as Extracellular first messenger during signal
transduction.
• The Na+-K+ active transport system uses direct energy of ATP; found in excitable tissues
(muscles/nerves) and also in kidneys and salivary glands.
• Protein enzyme ATPase allows potassium to move in and out of the cell. Active transport of the
sodium-potassium pump involves the movement of Na+ and K+ against a concentration gradient. K+ is
the most abundant ion (cation) in the cell (intracellular) and Na+ the most abundant ion (cation) outside
the cell (extracellular). The ATPase pump continuously regulates the cells' volume and the ionic
concentration gradient required for cellular excitation and membrane conductivity, as well as
intracellular concentrations of K+ required for enzyme activity
7. How is the cell protected from injury? (p 44-47)
• Cellular adaptation
• Adaptive changes in cells:
1. Atrophy: decrease in cell size
2. Hypertrophy: increase in cell size
3. Hyperplasia: increase in cell number
4. Metaplasia: reversible replacement of one mature cell type by another less
mature cell type
5. Dysplasia: deranged cellular growth; is not a true cellular adaptation but rather
an atypical hyperplasia
Cells are protected from injury by the plasma membrane. The membrane acts as a barrier to toxic
molecules and macromolecules, as well as foreign organisms and cells. The membrane exists in a state of
change and modulation, which allows the cell to protect it against injurious agents by alternating the
receptor numbers and patterns. Gating is another cellular defense mechanism that protects cells from
the release of calcium from injured cells by sealing off or decreasing permeability at junctional
complexes.
8. In cirrhosis, what does cholesterol have to do with the erythrocytes?
• The cholesterol content of the red blood cells plasma membrane increases, causing a
decrease in membrane fluidity and affects the cells ability to transport oxygen
, lOMoARcPSD|19857451
Liver disease, particularly alcoholic cirrhosis, is associated with a number of interesting chemical changes
which result in structural and metabolic abnormalities of the erythrocyte membrane leading to
microscopically observable cell shape changes and hemolytic anemia varying from very mild to
potentially lethal. Increase in unesterified serum cholesterol owing to lecithin cholesterol acyl
transferase (LCAT) deficiency in cirrhosis leads to expansion of the lipid bilayer and macrocytosis without
megaloblastic changes in precursors. Substitutions of phosphatidyl choline (PC) moieties in the
erythrocyte lipid bilayer lead to echinocytes (disaturated PC) or to stomatocytes (diunsaturated PC). In
some patients, high density lipoprotein (HDL) abnormalities lead to erythrocyte surface changes causing
rapid formation of echinocytes.
9. What is platelet-derived growth factor? (p 34)
• Stimulates proliferation of connective tissue cells and neuroglial cells
• Released during clotting and aids in wound healing; stored in platelets secretory
granules and released quickly upon tissue injury
• Platelet-derived growth factor contained within alpha granules (PDGF) stimulates
smooth muscle cells and promotes tissue repair. (also the the production of connective
tissue and neuroglial cells?)
10. What is cell communication? How does it occur? (p 15)
• Cells need to communicate to maintain a stable internal environment (homeostasis),
regulate growth and division, oversee their development and organization into tissues,
and to coordinate their functions
• Cells communicate by using hundreds of signal molecules (such as insulin growth
factors)
• Cell communicate in 3 different ways:
1. They display plasma membrane-bound signaling molecules (receptors) that
affect the cell itself and other cells in direct physical contact
2. They affect receptor proteins inside the target cell and the signal molecule has
to enter the cell to bind to them
3. They form protein channels (gap junctions) that directly coordinate the activities
of adjacent cells. Alteration in cellular communication affect disease onset and
progression. In fact, if a cell cannot perform gap junctional intercellular
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