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Family Medicine I PAEA Blueprint questions and answers rated A+ 2024/2025
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Family Medicine I PAEA Blueprint questions and answers rated A+ 2024/2025
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Family Medicine I PAEA Blueprint(Cardiovascular)
1. Angina pectoris
- def
- RFs (worst rf, most modifiable rf)
- pathophys
- pres
- dx
- tx
def: chest soreness due to myocardial ischemia as a result of fixed epicardial coronary
obstruction
- a complication of CAD generally because of atherosclerosis
RFs:
Worst RF - Diabetes mellitus
Most modifiable - smoking
pathophys: myocardial ischemia (insufficient myocardial tissue perfusion)
pres: chest ache or soreness classically described as substernal, poorly localized, exertional,
brief in duration exacerbated with hobby or pressure and relieved with rest
- <30 minutes, often resolves within 5 min
- may develop dyspnea, epigastric or shoulder pain instead (F>M, aged, diabetics, and obese)
dx: Clinical + testing
1. Ecg - preliminary take a look at of desire - ST melancholy traditional locating
- resting ecg normal in 50% of instances
2. Stress testing - most important noninvasive trying out
3. Coronary angiography - definitive
tx: Typical oupt tx consists of 4 tablets -
,half. Aspirin + Beta-blocker (both lower mortality),
3. Sublingual short-appearing Nitroglycerin prn
4. Daily Statin
Revascularization = definitive
1. Percutaneous transluminal coronary agiography (1 to two vessel dz in nondiabetic
2. Coronary a. Skip graft - left fundamental coronary a. Sternosis, 3 vessel dz (or 2 vessel dz in
diabetics)
2. Cardiac fundamentals
a.EKG cheat sheet
- primary steps in studying ekg
1. Determine rhythm (take a look at r-r intervals: if <zero.12 seconds, regular)
2. Determine charge (ordinary - 1500/# of small sqaures)
(irregular - number of r waves in 6 second strip x 10)
three. Determine QRS axis
4. Evaluate P waves/PR c programming language
- Sinus (postive in II,III, avf, and down in aVR), p every P observed with the aid of QRS
- PRI - <.12-.20 seconds>
- atrial enlargement? -
right atrial expansion = tall P wave in lead II >3mm
Left atrial expansion = m-formed p wave in lead II, >.12 seconds
5. Evaluate QRS complex
- slim v extensive (< .12 sec)
- if wide: BBB?
,- ventricular hypertrophy?
- pathological q wave?
6. Evaluate ST segment
- ST depression or elevation > 1mm in depth/height
7. Evaluate T waves
- inversions/knocking down
- QT extended?
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c. Tachycardia set of rules
d. Bradycardia algorithm
e. Sinus tachycardia
- def
- eti
- pres
- dx
- tx
def: Regular cardiac rhythm with hr > one hundred bpm
, eti: physiologic or pathologic
pathologic - infectious, hypovolemia, cardiac (myocarditis, tamponade, ACS), respiratory (PE),
electrolyte problems and many others.
Pres: mc asx
dx: ecg -> regular, fast rhythm (> 100 bpm) with ordinary P wave for each QRS
tx: Tx the UC
- beta-blockers if persistent in putting of ACS
f. Sinus bradycardia
- def
- eti
- pres
- dx
- w/u
-tx (asx v sx)
def: Regular cardiac rhythm with hr <60 bpm
eti: physiologic or pathologic
- pathologic - medicinal drugs, ischemic heart dz, infection
pres: mc asx, can have fatigue, workout intolerance, dizziness and so on.
Dx: everyday, slow rhythm (<60 bpm)
w/u: hx and physical to look for s/s of bradycardia
tx:
asx: None
sx: Atropine 1st line - anticholinergic that decreases vagal tone
Second line - Epinephrine or transcutaneous pacing if not responsive to atropine
Definitive: Permenant pacemaker
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