Nurs 231-Final Questions| With
Complete Solutions well written and
explained ( verified 100% ) graded A+
What are the 3 key concepts? - ✔✔ANSWER✔✔-1. Proteins
2. Homeostasis
3. Cell membrane
How does a synapse work (4)? - ✔✔ANSWER✔✔-1. Action
potential arrives at axon terminal
2. Voltage gated calcium channels open and calcium enters the
axon terminal
3. Calcium entry causes synaptic vesicles to release
neurotransmitters by exocytosis
4. Neurotransmitter diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to
specific receptors on the postsynaptic membrane
What are the 2 divisions of the ANS? - ✔✔ANSWER✔✔-1.
Sympathetic
2. Parasympathetic
What is the role of the sympathetic nervous system (3)? -
✔✔ANSWER✔✔-1. Fight or flight
2. Turns on when you are stressed or exercising
3. Increases heart rate, causes sweating, increased respiration,
etc
What is the role of the parasympathetic nervous system (2)? -
✔✔ANSWER✔✔-1. Rest and digest
2. Causes digestion, urine release, etc
,What are similarities of the sympathetic and parasympathetic
systems (3)? - ✔✔ANSWER✔✔-1. Both are automatic
2. Both part of the motor (efferent) division of the PNS
3. They control smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands
Where is smooth muscle commonly found (5)? -
✔✔ANSWER✔✔-1. Digestive system
2. Respiratory tract
3. Reproductive system
4. Urinary tract
5. Small blood vessels
Where does the parasympathetic division arise from (3)? -
✔✔ANSWER✔✔-1. Cranial nerves and spinal nerves
2. Sacral spinal nerves 2, 3, and 4
3. Cranial nerves 3, 7, 9, and 10
Where does the sympathetic division arise from (2)? -
✔✔ANSWER✔✔-1. Spinal nerves only
2. All thoracic spinal nerves and lumbar nerves 1 and 2
What does the ANS innervate in general (3)? - ✔✔ANSWER✔✔-
1. Cardiac muscle
2. Smooth muscle
3. Glands
What is the somatic nervous system in terms of synapses and
neurotransmitters (4)? - ✔✔ANSWER✔✔-1. A single neuron from
CNS to effector organs (skeletal muscles)
2. Only one synapse in the pathway
3. Acetylcholine is the neurotransmitter
4. Ach is stimulatory, causing muscle to contract
,What is a ganglion? - ✔✔ANSWER✔✔-A group of neuron cell
bodies in the peripheral nervous system.
What is the parasympathetic nervous system in terms of
synapses and neurotransmitters (7)? - ✔✔ANSWER✔✔-1. Two
neuron chains from CNS to effector organs (cardiac muscle,
smooth muscle, glands)
2. Has a ganglion in the pathway
3. The first synapse is in the ganglion
4. A second neuron comes out of the ganglion, which makes a
synapse with the effector organ.
5. Therefore, there are 2 neurons and 2 synapses in the pathway
6. The neurotransmitter is acetylcholine at both synapses, which
can be excitatory or inhibitory
7. The Ach binds to a nicotinic receptor at the first synapse, and a
muscarinic receptor on the second synapse
What is the sympathetic nervous system in terms of synapses
and neurotransmitters (7)? - ✔✔ANSWER✔✔-1. Two neuron
chains from CNS to effector organs (cardiac muscle, smooth
muscle, glands)
2. Has a ganglion in the pathway
3. The first synapse is in the ganglion
4. A second neuron comes out of the ganglion, which makes a
synapse with the effector organ.
5. Therefore, there are 2 neurons and 2 synapses in the pathway
6. The neurotransmitter is acetylcholine (excitatory) at the first
synapse, and norepinephrine (excitatory or inhibitory) at the
second synapse.
7. The Ach binds to a nicotinic receptor at the first synapse, and
the NE binds to an alpha or beta receptor at the second synapse
Explain the following parasympathetic effect for the eye:
1. Receptor type
, 2. Neurotransmitter
3. Excitatory or inhibitory
4. Effect
5. When effect would occur - ✔✔ANSWER✔✔-1. Muscarinic
2. Acetylcholine
3. Excitatory
4. Causes the circular smooth muscle of the iris to contract,
making the pupil smaller
5. In bright light or resting situations
Explain the following parasympathetic effect for the bronchioles:
1. Receptor type
2. Neurotransmitter
3. Excitatory or inhibitory
4. Effect
5. When effect would occur - ✔✔ANSWER✔✔-1. Muscarinic
2. Acetylcholine
3. Excitatory
4. Causes the smooth muscle of the bronchioles to contract,
causing the bronchioles to constrict. This decreases air entry.
5. When the body is at rest
Explain the following parasympathetic effect for the GI tract:
1. Receptor type
2. Neurotransmitter
3. Excitatory or inhibitory
4. Effect
5. When effect would occur - ✔✔ANSWER✔✔-1. Muscarinic
2. Acetylcholine
3. Excitatory
4. Causes the smooth muscle of the GI tract to contract, causing
peristalsis.
5. When food is being digested and moved through the GI tract
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