BIO 669 EXAM 1 QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT ANSWERS

BIO 669 EXAM 1 QUESTIONS WITH
CORRECT ANSWERS

Cytokiness-
sans✔✔signalingsmoleculessthatsregulatesinnatesorsadaptivesimmunitysthatsaresresponsibl

esforsactivatingsotherscellssandsregulatingsthesinflammatorysresponse;stheyshelpsstimulates
thesresponsestosinfectionsandstissuesdamagesbysguidingslymphocytessandsleukocytesstow
ardsthesareasofsdamage,sstimulatingshealing,sandsincreasingsorsdecreasingsinflammation;s
theresaresmultiplestypessofsthesescells,seachswithstheirsownsdifferentsrolessinsthesinflammat
orysresponse

Chemokiness-
sans✔✔typesofscytokinessthatsaressynthesizedsbysmanyscellssinsresponsestosproinflammat

oryscytokinessandsinduceschemotaxisstospromotesphagocytosissandswoundshealing;se.g.s
monocyte/
macrophageschemotacticsproteins,smacrophagesinflammatorysproteins,sandsneutrophils

Cellssthatssynthesizeschemokiness-sans✔✔macrophages,sfibroblasts,sendothelialscells

Interleukinss-
sans✔✔typesofscytokinesmadesbyswhitesbloodscellss(producedsprimarilysbysmacrophagess

andslymphocytes)sinsresponsestosstimulationsofspatternsrecognitionsreceptorss(PRRs)sorsb
ysotherscytokines;stheresaresmanysdifferentstypessofsthesescytokines

Interleukin-1s-sans✔✔pro-
inflammatoryscytokines(activatessandsenhancessinflammatorysresponse)sthatsinducessma
nysacutesphasesproteinssandsissansendogenousspyrogen

Endogenousspyrogens-
sans✔✔moleculesthatsstimulatessfeversbysresettingstheshypothalamicssetspoint,ssettingsthe

sbody'sstemperaturessetspointshigherssosthatsinitiallysyousfeelscoldsassyoursbodystemperatu

resassrisen,sbutsthensassthesfeversbreakssandsyourstemperaturesgoessbacksdown,syousfeels
hot

Interleukin-10s-sans✔✔anti-
inflammatoryscytokinesthatsissprimarilysproducedsbyslymphocytessandssuppressessthesgro
wthsofsotherslymphocytessandsthesproductionsofsproinflammatoryscytokinessofsmacrophag
es,swhichsleadsstosasdown-
regulationsofsbothsinflammatorysandsacquiredsimmunesresponse

,Tumorsnecrosissfactor-alphas-
sans✔✔cytokinessecretedsbysmacrophagessinsresponsestosPAMPssandstoll-

likesreceptorsrecognitionsthatsissasstrongsinflammatorysmediatorsandsaskeysregulatorysmol
eculesforsinflammation;sinducessasmultitudesofsproinflammatoryseffects

Effectssofstumorsnecrosissfactor-alphas-sans✔✔-
sInducessfeversbysactingsassansendogenousspyrogens(alsosproducessIL-1sandsIL-

6,swhichscansalsosbothsinduce/increasesfever)
-sIncreasesssynthesissofsinflammatorysserumsproteins
-sCausessmuscleswastings(cachexia)sandsintravascularsthrombosis
-sCanscausesgranulomasformation

TNF-Asandsbiologicsagentss-
sans✔✔tumorsnecrosissfactorsalphasissthestargetsofsmanysbiologicsagentssthatstrystosdimini

shsthesimmunesresponseswhensitsissoverexpressed/outsofsproportion;ssincesTNF-
Asenhancessinflammation,sdrugssthatstargetsTNF-
AswillsrampsDOWNsthesinflammatorysresponse;se.g.susedsinstreatmentsofsrheumatoidsarthr
itis,spsoriaticsarthritis,sCrohn'ssdiseases(autoimmunesconditionsswheresimmunessystemsiss
toosactive)

Interferons-
sans✔✔cytokinesthatsprotectssagainstsviralsinfectionssandsmodulatesthesinflammatorysres

ponse

Interferonssalphasandsbetas-
sans✔✔TypesIsinterferonssthatsaresproducedsandsreleasedsbysvirallysinfectedshostscellssins

responsestosviralsdouble-
strandedsRNAsandsothersviralsPAMPsstosprotectsneighboringshealthyscells;sdon'tskillsviruse
ssdirectly

Interferonsgammas-
sans✔✔TypesIIsinterferonsthatsissproducedsprimarilysbyslymphocytesstosactivatesmacropha

ges,swhichsresultssinsincreasedscapacitystoskillsinfectioussagentsslikesvirusess(andsbacteria
);skeyscytokine;sincreasessmicrobicidalsactivitysofsmacrophages
-sPlayssimportantsrolesinshowswellsyouscansclearsinfection

Mastscellss-
sans✔✔whitesbloodscellssthatsaresthesmostsimportantscellularsactivatorsofsthesinflammator

ysresponse;scellularsbagssofsgranule
-
slocatedsinsthesloosesconnectivestissuessclosestosbloodsvesselss(skin,sdigestiveslining,sands

respiratorystract)
-
stheirsgranulesscontainshistamine,scytokines,sserotonin,sandschemotacticsfactorssthatswhe

nsreleased,scansleadstosassignificantsinflammatorysresponse

, -smediatorsforspollen,sallergicsrhinitis,shaysfever,setc.

Degranulationsofsmastscellss-
sans✔✔mostscommonsactivationsofsmastscellschemicalsrelease

-
sthesreleasesofsthescontentssofsthesmastscellsgranuless(histamine,sserotonin,schemotacticsf

actors,scytokines,setc.)sinsresponsestosasreceptorsbeingsengagedsthatsallowssforsthesstimul
ationsofsmastscells
-sthissreceptorsissfrequentlysansantibodysactingsassasreceptors(e.g.sIgE)
-
sIgEsbindsstosmastscells,scausingsthemstosreleasesandsproducesasverysstrong,simmediate,s

acutesimmunesresponses(e.g.sallergicsasthmasandsothersallergicsresponses)

Basophilss-
sans✔✔granulocytesfoundsinsthesBLOODsthatsmostslikelysactsthessameswaysassmastscells

-sleastsprevalentsgranulocyte
-sprimarysrolesunknown

Synthesiss-
sans✔✔methodsofsmastscellsreleasesinswhichsmastscellssproducesandsreleasesnewsmediat

orssinsresponsestosasstimulus

Histamines-
sans✔✔chemicalsstoredsinsmastscellssandsissreleasedsduringsdegranulationsthatsissasvaso

activesamines(manysvascularseffects)sandscauses:
-stemporary,srapidsconstrictionsofstheslargesbloodsvessels
-
sdilationsofsthespostcapillarysvenuless(resultingsinsincreasedsbloodsflowsintosthesmcirocircul

ation)
-
sincreasedsvascularspermeabilitysduestosthesretractionsofsendothelialscellssliningsthescapill

aries
-
sallowssfluidsandsproteinsstosleavesthesvasculature,sleakingsoutsintostissues,swhichscausess

redness,sswelling,spain,slosssofsfunction,setc.s(inflammation!)

Whysdosantihistaminessnotsreducesallsinflammation?s-
sans✔✔Antihistaminesscansreducessomesinflammations(thesvascularseffectsscausedsbyshi

stamine),sbutshistaminesissnotsthesonlysmediatorsreleasedsbysmastscells.sThesesmediators
salsoshavesinflammatoryseffects,ssostheyscannotstreatsallsofstheseffectssofsinflammation,sonl

ysthesonesscausedsbyshistamine.

Neutrophilschemotacticsfactorsandseosinophilicschemotacticsfactorsofsanaphylaxiss-
sans✔✔chemotacticsfactorsscontainedsinsmastscellsgranulessandsreleasedsduringsdegranu

lationsthatsattractseosinophilssandsneutrophils,spromotingsinflammation