Exam (elaborations)
NR 565 PHARMACOLOGY WEEK #7 EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
- Course
- Institution
NR 565 PHARMACOLOGY WEEK #7 EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
[Show more]
Content preview
NR 565 PHARMACOLOGY WEEK #7EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
Definition: Acid reflux/heartburn - Answer-A burning sensation in the chest + recurrent
regurgitation of acidic stomach contents into the mouth or throat; can affect teeth and
oesophagus
Acid reflux/heartburn symptoms - Answer-Burning sensation in chest, sour taste,
stomach/chest pain, sore throat/hoarseness, wheezing/coughing, eroded teeth enamel
When is GERD defined - Answer-If heartburn/acid reflux symptoms interfere with daily
life or occur more than 2x/week
Defensive factors to protect against ulcers: Mucus - Answer-Secreted by GI mucosa
cells, forms protective barrier against acid and pepsin
Defensive factors to protect against ulcers: Bicarbonate - Answer-Secreted by epithelial
cells of stomach/duodenum; most is trapped by mucus layer to neutralize H ions;
produced + secreted by pancreas into duodenum
Defensive factors to protect against ulcers: Blood flow - Answer-Essential for
maintaining mucosal integrity
Defensive factors to protect against ulcers: Prostaglandins - Answer-Stimulate secretion
of bicarb and mucus; promotes vasodilation, helps to maintain blood flow, surpasses
secretion of gastric acid
Factors that increase the risk of ulcer development - Answer-H. pylori: can colonize the
stomach + duodenum
NSAIDs: underlying cause of many ulcers
HCL: Absolute requirement for ulcer development
Pepsin: enzyme in HCL that can injure unprotected mucosal cells
Smoking: delays healing, increases risk of recurrence
Therapeutic effect: Proton Pump Inhibitors - Answer-Most effective for inhibiting acid
secretion; bind to gastric PPs, blocking acid production; decreased acid = decreased
reflux and GERD symptoms
Role of gastric parietal cells - Answer-Produce + release acid/hydrogen when activated
by histamine, gastrin, + acetylcholine; gastric PP moves acid into stomach and k+ into
parietal cells; HCL is formed when H+ binds to cl-
Other info: PPIs - Answer-Takes 2-3 days to reach max effect; acid activated;
irreversibly block H+ and amount of HCL produced
, Side effects: PPIs - Answer-Headache, nausea, diarrhea
Long-term use: renal complications, bone fractures, dementia, decreased absorption of
ca+, mg+, + B12
Contraindications: PPIs - Answer-Hypocalcemia; increased risk of CAP with short-term
use
*Pts. taking NSAIDs can take PPIs for ulcer prophylaxis
Medications: PPIs - Answer-OTC: esomeprazole (Nexium), lansoprazole (Prevacid),
omeprazole (Prilosec)
RX: dexlansoprazole (dexilant), pantoprazole (protonix), rabeprazole (aciphex)
Therapeutic action: Histamine-2 Receptor Antagonists (H2RA) - Answer-Decreases
acid secretion by blocking histamine 2-receptors in gastric parietal cells; provides relief
from GERD symptoms; can be used as prophylaxis; more effective than antacids, less
than PPIs; Intermittent or fixed dosing
Side Effects: H2RAs - Answer-Headache, nausea
Containdications: H2RA - Answer-Cimetidine: weak inhibitor of CYP450 (warfarin,
phenytoin, theophylline, lidocaine, antacids)
Famotidine: safe in geriatrics; use caution with renal impairment
Nizatidine: may cause asymptomatic v-tach; increase risk of hepatoellular injury
Ranitidine + Cimetidine: Increased risk of mental status changes in older adults
Medications: H2RAs - Answer-Cimetidine (Tagamet), famotidine (Pepcid), nizatidine
(axid), ranitidine (Zantac)
Therapeutic action: Cytoprotective agents - Answer-Used to treat/prevent ulcer
formation
Medications: Cytoprotective agents - Answer-Sucralfate (carafate): pregnancy category
B
Misoprostol (cytotec): pregnancy category X
PPIs can lead to - Answer-Pneumonia, fractures, rebound acid hyper secretion,
hypomagnesemia, diarrhea
*Interacts with clopidogrel (plavix) d/t CYP2C19 inhibition
H2RAs can lead to - Answer-Anti-androgenic effects, CNS effects, pneumonia
Antacids can lead to - Answer-Constipation, diarrhea, sodium excess
Drug reactions: Antacids - Answer-Interferes with absorption of other drugs (i.e.
sucralfate); separate administration by 1 hour
The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
Guaranteed quality through customer reviews
Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.
Quick and easy check-out
You can quickly pay through credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.
Focus on what matters
Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!
Frequently asked questions
What do I get when I buy this document?
You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.
Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?
Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.
Who am I buying these notes from?
Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller biggdreamer. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.
Will I be stuck with a subscription?
No, you only buy these notes for $13.49. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.
Can Stuvia be trusted?
4.6 stars on Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)
67096 documents were sold in the last 30 days
Founded in 2010, the go-to place to buy study notes for 14 years now