Bio214 Final Exam questions with correct
answers
"BUT even cooler," you continue, "the molecules are evidence for the 'RNA World
Hypothesis!"
First, all three molecules are found in all living organisms studied and are involved in
the most basic metabolic pathways shared by all organisms, s...
"BUT even cooler," you continue, "the molecules are evidence for the 'RNA World
Hypothesis!"
First, all three molecules are found in all living organisms studied and are involved in
the most basic metabolic pathways shared by all organisms, such as glycolysis.
Second, inspect the molecules below! What do you see?"
How does the information above and your inspection of the molecules support the
RNA World Hypothesis? - ANSWERS The RNA World hypothesizes that the first
molecule that could self-replicate AND had enzymatic/catalytic activity was an RNA
(ribonucleic acid). (1)
The three carrier molecules are found in all organisms; the molecules themselves
are "ancient" and arose during the early stages of cell evolution. (2)
ATP carries energy. But is also a ribonucleotide triphosphate monomer that makes
RNA.
the other two molecules are derivatives of ATP. All three molecules are
ribonucleotide derivatives. (3)
This makes sense if the early evolution of cells featured catalytic activity by RNA.
RNA World ribozymes could use ribonucleotides common in the RNA world for the
basic carrier functions needed in catalysis and metabolism. (4)
CDC2 Function - ANSWERS Cdc2 is the CD subunit with kinase activity
Central positive regulator of cell cycle
If it is missing, cannot promote mitosis
DNP is a proton ionophore, a compound that binds protons and carries them
through membranes (results in equal concentrations of the ion on both sides of the
membrane). explain how DNP affects (1) CO2 production, (2) electron transport
chain, (3) ATP synthesis, (4) why DNP was used as a dieting aid? - ANSWERS 1)
DNP addition does not affect CO2 production by CO2 is a waste product of the TCA
cycle and the loss of the proton gradient does not affect the TCA cycle
2)DNP addition does not affect the ETC. the ETC creates the proton gradient but it is
NOT dependent on it
3)DNP addition stops ATP synthesis by it requires a proton gradient
, 4) DNP was used as a dieting aid by it would stop ATP synthesis and then since
ATP is not being produced, the energy of the proton gradient is lost as heat (literally
burning fat)
each patient has a disease related to a mutation of a cytoskeletal component.
explain which component the disease is related to and how the symptoms are
caused?
1. beaded hair syndrome and deformed fingernails
2. dystonia (twisting, repetitive movements)
3. chronic respiratory problems, sterile
4. progeria (early aging) - ANSWERS 1. related to intermediate filaments
(specifically keratin) which are in charge of structural integrity, strength, protective
functions. keratin is found in hair and nails. symptoms stem from incorrect assembly
of keratin
2. dystonia-related to actin microfilaments, which are in charge of movement of cells,
tissues, and organisms. actin and myosin combine to make contractile bundles and
the symptoms of dystonia are related to an inappropriate interaction of actin and
myosin or an inability to control contraction.
3. chronic respiratory problems related to microtubules which are important for
movement of small things or movement of aqueous layer over cells. movement of
cells depends on MT structures found in cilia and flagella. issue with cilia causes
mucus to accumulate, issue with flagella causes sperm to not be able to
move=sterility
4. early aging-related to intermediate filament mutation. Laminas is a class of
intermediate filaments responsible for shape and function of nucleus and the nuclear
envelope. the nuclear envelope is important during cell division so symptoms may be
due to an issue with cell division that resulted in pre-mature aging.
explain the importance of non covalent bonds for the structure and function of
macromolecules/proteins. how does heat affect bonds? what is the primary
sequence? - ANSWERS they are individually weak, but strong and stable in
numbers, can make for specific interactions
heat causes denaturing/folding of the protein, and you lose protein function by you
lost stability. thermal motion disrupts non covalent interactions
primary sequence determines the 3D/tertiary structure and function
fluid mosaic model shows that the membrane is not homogeneous. what are some
examples of this heterogeneity? - ANSWERS 1. curvature in membranes- fatty acyl
chains of phospholipids can have different shapes and there is an uneven
distribution of cones and cylinders in the bilayer. want to maximize Van der Waals
interactions between cone-shaped lipids to induce curvature in the membrane
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