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HUMAN PATHOLOGY TEST QUESTIONS WITH COMPLETE ANSWERS
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HUMAN PATHOLOGY TEST QUESTIONS WITH COMPLETE ANSWERS
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HUMAN PATHOLOGY TEST QUESTIONSWITH COMPLETE ANSWERS
Diffusion - Answer-The movement of dissolved particles (solute) from a more
concentrated to a dilute solution
Osmosis - Answer-The movement of water molecules from a more dilute solution to a
concentrated solution
Active Transport - Answer-The transfer of a substance across the cell membrane from a
region of low concentration to one of higher concentration
Necrosis and Apoptosis: difference - Answer-necrosis-localized death of cells or tissues
in a living organism. (sudden kill)
Apoptosis-programmed death of single cells within a living organism. (timed kill)
Cytoplasm - Answer-Where all chemicals take place
Mitochondria - Answer-Generates energy: ATP
Ribosomes - Answer-synthesis of proteins for internal purposes
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER) - Answer-synthesis of proteins for export
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER) - Answer-synthesis of steroid hormones
Lysosomes - Answer-membrane-bound digestive organelles
Cell Adaptations - Answer-cell adaptations occur after prolonged exposure to
adverse/normal stimuli.
Atrophy - Answer-decrease in size of a cell, tissue, organ or the entire body. CAN BE:
physiologic and predictable (ex: atrophy of thymus after puberty, aging) Pathologic-
caused by lack of nutrition, chronic ischemia, denervation, inactivity
Hypertrophy - Answer-enlarged size of the cells
ex: heart in hypertension, skeletal muscles in bodybuilders
Hyperplasia - Answer-increased number of cells in a tissue or organ
Metaplasia - Answer-change from normal cells to a different cell type. it is reversible if
the causative factors are removed. ex: chronic irritation of cigarette smoke causing
ciliated pseudostratified epithelium to be replaced by squamous epithelium.
, Dysplasia - Answer-an increasing degree of disordered growth or maturation of the
tissue such as cervical dysplasia as a result of human papillomavirus infection.
Coagulative necrosis - Answer-gangrene arises from eschemic condition of the limb and
the resulting necrosis two types: dry gangrene (no blood) and wet gangrene presence of
blood, pus (bacterial infection)
liquefactive necrosis - Answer-rate of dissolution of the necrotic cells is faster than the
rate of repair. the cavity of abscess is formed by liquefactive necrosis
caseous necrosis - Answer-characteristic of tuberculosis. the lesions of TB are compact
aggregates of macrophages and other inflammatory cells known as granulomas. debris
from the dead cells are grayish white and soft. it resembles clumpy cheese
characteristics.
fat necrosis - Answer-affects adipose tissue and most commonly results from
pancreatitis or trauma. appears as an irregular, chalky white area embedded in
otherwise normal adipose tissue. traumatic fat necrosis is common in the breast where
it may be mistaken for cancer
Exudate - Answer-edema fluid with a high protein concentration (specific gravity>1.0),
which frequently contains in flammatory cells.
Transudate - Answer-Increased permeability of vessel wall and increased hydrostatic
pressure
Serous inflammation - Answer-Early stage of most inflammation & produce exudate
Purulent inflammation: - Answer-acute form of exudative inflammation in which the
enzymes produced by white blood cells cause liquefaction of the affected tissues,
resulting in the formation of pus
abscess - Answer-infection associated with breakdown of
tissues and formation of pus
Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome - Answer-associated with hyper extensive joints, hyper
elasticity of skin, dissecting aortic aneurysms, rupture of the colon and vessel instability
resulting in skin hemorrhages. it is caused by mutations which affects the collagen
structure and synthesis. transmission based on Mendelian genetics. (types I and III
collagen are most often affected)
Keloid - Answer-excess scar formation (Collagen- III)
Two different T cells - Answer-T helper cells (CD4+) and T suppressor/cytotoxis cells
(CD8+).
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