Summary omprehensive IGCSE Study Notes for Mathematics, Chemistry, Physics, and Economics
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Course
IGCSE Geography
Institution
In-Depth IGCSE Study Notes
These comprehensive study notes are created to help you excel in your IGCSE exams. They cover key subjects including Mathematics, Chemistry, Physics, Economics, and more. Here’s what you’ll find in these notes:
Detailed Summaries: Each topic is explained clearly...
● Definition: The continuous movement of water on, above, and below the surface of
the Earth.
● Key Processes:
○ Evaporation: Water changes from liquid to vapor due to heat from the sun.
○ Condensation: Water vapor cools and changes back into liquid droplets,
forming clouds.
○ Precipitation: Water falls to the Earth as rain, snow, sleet, or hail.
○ Infiltration: Water soaks into the ground.
○ Surface Runoff: Water flows over the surface into rivers and lakes.
2. River Systems
● Drainage Basin: The area of land drained by a river and its tributaries.
○ Key Terms:
■ Source: The beginning of a river.
■ Mouth: The point where the river flows into the sea.
■ Confluence: The point where two rivers meet.
■ Tributary: A smaller river or stream that joins a larger river.
■ Watershed: The boundary between two drainage basins.
● River Processes:
○ Erosion: The wearing away of land by the river.
■ Types of Erosion:
■ Hydraulic action: Water forces air into cracks, breaking up the
riverbanks.
■ Abrasion: Rocks carried by the river scrape and wear away
the riverbed.
■ Attrition: Rocks collide and break into smaller pieces.
■ Solution: Some minerals dissolve in the river water.
○ Transportation: The movement of materials by the river.
■ Types of Transportation:
■ Traction: Large boulders and rocks are rolled along the
riverbed.
■ Saltation: Small pebbles bounce along the riverbed.
■ Suspension: Fine particles are carried along in the water.
■ Solution: Dissolved minerals are carried in the water.
○ Deposition: When the river loses energy, it drops the material it has been
carrying.
3. River Landforms
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