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Summary - Unit 1 - Biological molecules
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This comprehensive set of A-Level Biology notes is meticulously crafted to provide students with essential information and streamlined content that reinforces understanding of key concepts

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  • September 7, 2024
  • 21
  • 2024/2025
  • Summary

Subjects

  • a level
  • biology
  • cells
  • grade 9
  • concise

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  • A/AS Level
  • AQA
  • A Level Biology
  • Unit 1 - Biological molecules
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AQA A Level Biology

Topic 1
Biological molecules
Model answer notes by @biologywitholivia




Topic Understand Memorise Practise


1.1 Monomers & polymers


1.2 Carbohydrates


1.3 Lipids

1.4.1 General properties of proteins


1.4.2 Many proteins are enzymes

Required practical 1

1.5.1 Structure of DNA and RNA


1.5.2 DNA replication

1.6 ATP


1.7 Water


1.8 Inorganic ions

,AQA A Level Biology Topic 1 Biological molecules stan.store/biologywitholivia


1.1 Monomers and polymers
What are monomers and polymers?
● Monomers - smaller / repeating molecules from which larger molecules / polymers are made
● Polymer - molecule made up of many identical / similar molecules / monomers


What happens in condensation and hydrolysis reactions?

Condensation ● 2 molecules join together Hydrolysis ● 2 molecules separated
reaction ● Forming a chemical bond reaction ● Breaking a chemical bond
● Releasing a water molecule ● Using a water molecule



Give examples of polymers and the monomers from which they’re made




Exam insight: common mistakes ❌
Mistake Explanation

*Mixing up hydrolysis and ‘C’ for condensation; ‘C’ for connecting molecules. Imagine
condensation reactions.* condensation on a window to remember water is released.


*Forgetting to include H2O in diagrams of 1 H2O molecule is released for every condensation reaction
condensation and hydrolysis reactions.* and 1 H2O molecule is used for every hydrolysis reaction.

“Lipids are polymers.” Lipids are not made from repeating monomers.

“A polymer is made of two ‘Poly’ means many. Two monomers joined
or more monomers.” together is a dimer.




2

, AQA A Level Biology Topic 1 Biological molecules stan.store/biologywitholivia


1.2 Carbohydrates
What are monosaccharides? Give 3 common examples

● Monomers from which larger carbohydrates are made
● Glucose, fructose, galactose



Describe the structure of α-glucose

● Left - full structure, carbon
atoms labelled
● Right - simplified structure
as in the specification to
be memorised for exam



Describe the difference between the structure of α-glucose and β-glucose

OH group is below carbon 1 in α-glucose Alpha & beta glucose are isomers →
but above carbon 1 in β-glucose same molecular formula, differently arranged atoms



What are disaccharides and how are they formed?

● Two monosaccharides joined together with a glycosidic bond
● Formed by a condensation reaction, releasing a water molecule



List 3 common disaccharides & monosaccharides from which they’re made

Disaccharide Monosaccharides

Maltose Glucose + glucose

Sucrose Glucose + fructose

Lactose Glucose + galactose


Draw a diagram to show how two monosaccharides are joined together




What are polysaccharides and how are they formed?
● Many monosaccharides joined together with glycosidic bonds
● Formed by many condensation reactions, releasing water molecules
3

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