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NURS 251 Module 1 pharmacologynurs251 portage learning module 1 (nurs251)
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9/7/24, 4:51 NURS 251 Module 1PM pharmacology
1.1: An Introduction to Pharmacology Concepts
→ Watch Module 1.1 Video 1 (4) toxic effects → undesirable & harmful / life threatening
Pharmacology is the study or science of drugs. What is a drug? e.g., effect: e.g., chemotherapy, has a lot of adverse effects; monitored to
A drug is any chemical that affects the physiologic processes of a make
living organism. Commonly, the term drug refers to any medication sure that it won’t be too toxic. If it gets too toxic / harmful, treatment
may have
that is used for diagnosing, curing, or treating disease.
Drug Effects
Drugs have many different effects on the body including the following:
(1) therapeutic effects,
(2) side effects,
(3) adverse effects and
(4) toxic effects.
1. Therapeutic effect is the desired drug effect to
alleviate some condition or symptom.
2. Side effects are the drug effect other than the therapeutic
effect that
are usually undesirable but not harmful.
3. Adverse effect is a general term for undesirable and
potentially harmful drug effects.
4. Toxic effects are undesirable drug effects that implies the
drug is
poisoning the body and can be harmful or even life-
threatening.
Drug Effects → USING DIABETES AS AN EXAMPLE
Drugs have many different effects on the body including the following:
(1) therapeutic effects → the desired effect
e.g., effect: lowers the patient’s blood sugar
(2) side effects → undesirable but not necessarily harmful
(not harmful) e.g., effect: some diabetes medication can cause
nausea (can be treated)
(3) adverse effects → undesirable and potentially harmful
e.g., effect: medication that can be harmful / damaging to the liver
- this type of medication intake must be monitored.
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- must be heavily monitored pharmacology
physiologic response or drug effect, or an antagonist, works to
interfere with other drugs or substances from producing a drug-
Clinically, it is important to recognize the difference between these effect.
different ways drugs can affect the body. A simple side effect could
be something as harmless as mild nausea after taking a medication
that can be managed by taking it with food. The drug therapy can
continue without a problem. However, adverse effects need to be
assessed to determine whether there is any risk of harm. Drug
therapy is often a risk vs. benefit assessment. The patient’s
provider should weigh the risk of taking the medication vs. the
benefit. It often comes down to the severity of the disease being
treated to decide the number of adverse events that will be
tolerated. A good example of this is chemotherapy treatments for
cancer. There are often adverse events associated with these
treatment regimens, yet the treatment is continued because the
benefit of treating the cancer is greater than the adverse events
the patient experiences. However, there are certainly times when a
treatment becomes too toxic, and the patient is unable to tolerate
the regimen. This is often a large part of managing a cancer
patient’s treatment, to assess how they are handling the adverse
effects associated with the treatment regimen and determine
whether it is becoming too toxic and needs to be suspended.
Basic Concept
There are some basic concepts that are important to
understand and that can be applied to any drug. Most
important is the drug’s mechanism of action—how a drug
produces its effects. This course will cover the accepted
mechanism of action of known drugs.
When a drug enters the body, it has a targeted site of action—
the location
within the body where a drug exerts its therapeutic effect,
often a specific drug receptor.
Generally, these sites of action or receptors are on the
surface or inside a cell.
Receptors are specific cellular structures that a drug binds to in
order to
produce a physiologic effect. When a drug binds to a
receptor, it can act either as an agonist, works to activate a
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,9/7/24, 4:51 NURS 251 Module 1
PMto be suspended. pharmacology
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PM pharmacology
Basic concepts
Mechanism of Action → It is how the drug produces its effect
within the body. When we discuss about the therapeutics, we
will go through the course of actions of all the drugs we go
over when they are known. There are a lot of drugs that we
still don’t exactly know how they produce their effects.
* Site of Action → Where, within the body the drug actually exerts its
effect. In many cases, it’s called a receptor.
* Receptors → the location where site of action is.
Receptors are often either on the surface of a cell or inside
a cell that drug is going to bind to the receptor and exert
its effect.
Two different ways drugs can exert its effect on
receptors: Either as an agonist or an antagonist.
Going back to that diabetes example:
If the drug is agonist,
* Agonist → the drug is going to bind to the receptor and
then cause physiological response to happen.
Diabetes example: So if the receptor generally releases insulin, if
the drug is acting as an agonist; it’s going to bind to that receptor
and cause the receptor to release insulin, hence, lowering the
blood sugar in the patient.
If the drug is antagonist,
* Antagonist → the drug is going to bind to the receptor and
prevent / oppose a certain action / physiological response
(blocks it).
Diabetes example: the drug is going to bind to the receptor
and prevent the release of insulin.
Or a better example would be preventing the release of sugar, if we’re
trying to lower blood sugar in a diabetes patient.
Summary
An agonist is a drug that binds to the receptor, producing a
similar response to the intended chemical and receptor. Whereas
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