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Biol 105 Chapter 49 Notes

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This is a comprehensive and detailed note on Chapter 49;Nutrition, Digestion, Absorption for Biol 105. *Essential Study Material!! *For you, at a price that's worth it!!

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  • 7 september 2024
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  • 2021/2022
  • College aantekeningen
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Ch 49: Nutrition, Digestion, and Absorption
49.1Food Provides Energy as Well as Materials for Biosynthesis
 Animals are heterotrophs – they derive nutrition by eating other organisms
 Autotrophs synthesize their own components using solar / chemical energy
 Heterotrophs depend on this synthesis and have evolved a variety of
adaptations to take advantage of it
 energy – the capacity to do work
o comes in different forms
 measures of heat energy:
o calorie – amount of heat needed to raise 1 gram of water 1 degree
Celsius
o kilocalorie (kcal) = 1000 calories
 a Calorie (Cal) in food is the same as a kilocalorie
 an animal’s energy needs must be met by ingestion, digestion, and
assimilation of food
 basal energy expenditure of a human is 1300-1490 Cal/day for an adult
female and 1600-1800 Cal/day for an adult male
 physical activity adds to this basal metabolic rate (BMR)
 foods that provide energy are: fats, carbohydrates, and proteins
(macronutrients)
o caloric value of food and expenditure of energy for any activity can be
measured
o energy budgets – compare calories consumed and calories expended
and allow a cost-benefit analysis of feeding behavior

 animals must store food between meals
o carbohydrates are stored in liver and muscle cells as glycogen (enough
for about 1 day’s energy needs)
o fat stores more energy per gram and with little water (more compact)
o proteins are not used for storage but can be metabolized as a last
resort
 if an animal takes too little food, metabolism of the body’s own molecules
begins
o glycogen and fat are broken down
o proteins are metabolized, starting with blood plasma
 if an animal takes in more food than needed, excess is stored as increased
body mass
o glycogen reserves are built up
o extra carbohydrates, fats, and proteins are converted to body fat

,  animals require organic molecules to supply carbon skeletons, building blocks
for larger organic molecules
o acetyl group CH3CO is used to build more complex molecules and must
be obtained by food




 animals can synthesize some of their own amino acids using carbon
skeletons, but essential amino acids must be obtained from food
o adult humans must get 8 essential amino acids from their food
o a complementary diet of plant foods can supply all 8 essential amino
acids for vegetarians
 proteins must be broken down to amino acids before being used by the body
o proteins are large, not readily absorbed by the gut
o protein structure and function vary by species
o immune system would attack protein molecules entering directly from
the gut
 humans also require essential fatty acids from their diet
o linoleic acid – helps synthesize other unsaturated fatty acids, including
signaling molecules and membrane phospholipids

 mineral elements are also required
o macronutrients – elements required in large amounts, such as calcium
o micronutrients – elements required in small amounts, such as iron
o insufficient iron leads to anemia – most common mineral deficiency
globally today
 vitamins – carbon compounds required for growth and metabolism that
cannot be synthesized
o most function as coenzymes or parts of coenzymes
o required vitamins vary with species; humans require 13 vitamins
o water soluble vitamins – eliminated in urine if there is an excess
(Vitamin C)

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