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FALL 100 NUR 376 Applied Pathophysiology Questions With Complete Solutions
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FALL 100 NUR 376 Applied Pathophysiology Questions With Complete Solutions
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FALL 100 NUR 376 Applied Pathophysiology QuestionsWith Complete Solutions
a hospital-acquired or health-care-acquired infection Correct
Answers A patient infection caused by microorganisms that
originated within the clinical environment
abscess (acute) Correct Answers a localized, walled-off
collection of purulent exudate within tissue.
Action potential graph broken down Correct Answers The
membrane of cardiac muscle has three types of ion channels that
allow the voltage changes during the phases of the action
potential. These are fast sodium channels, slow calcium-sodium
channels, and potassium channels. At rest, the cardiac
membrane is at -90 mV. In phase 0 the opening of fast sodium
channels causes the initial upstroke of the action potential called
depolarization. The entry of sodium ions into the cell causes a
shift of electrical potential from -90 mV to +20 mV. Phase 1
occurs at the peak of the action potential; there is then an abrupt
decrease in sodium permeability of the cardiac cell membrane.
Phase 2 is the plateau of the action potential caused by the slow
opening of sodium-calcium channels. Calcium ions enter the
muscle cell and are integral to the contractile action of the
cardiac muscle fibers. Phase 3 is the rapid repolarization that
causes a decrease of the action potential down toward resting
potential. During phase 3, the influx of calcium ceases and there
is a sharp rise in potassium permeability of the cardiac cell
membrane. Potassium ions move out of the cell, and the resting
cell membrane potential is reestablished. In phase 4, the sodium-
,potassium pump is activated, moving sodium out of the cell and
bringing potassium into the cell.
Action potentials Correct Answers A nerve impulse that occurs
in cardiac tissue is called an action potential. Action potentials
are electrical currents caused by the movement of positive and
negative ions in and out of the cardiac cell membrane. When
stimulated, the cardiac muscle generates a five-phase action
potential.
Active acquired adaptive immunity Correct Answers is
obtained through exposure to an antigen (which commonly
causes an illness) or through a vaccination that provides
immunization. For example, after a child contracts measles
infection (rubeola), the child develops active acquired adaptive
immunity: The child's body has to process the antigen and
develop B cells and plasma cells that secrete Igs while enduring
the disease. The child develops all the symptoms of disease but
at the same time develops significant Igs for life. The Igs are
specific for measles and are remembered by the B cells. Because
the child's body actively developed immunity, future exposure to
measles will be dealt with by the pre-formed Igs.
Acute stage Correct Answers the period during which the host
experiences the full infectious disease with rapid proliferation of
the pathogen. The host's defenses are in full force and the
inflammation reaction is fully engaged. The host's symptoms are
heightened and more specific than in the prodromal stage. The
patient remains contagious during this stage.
,Acute Versus Chronic Heart Failure Correct Answers Acute
heart failure describes the rapid, sudden development of heart
failure that is often caused by substantial ventricular muscle
injury as in massive MI. Sudden, severe shock is often referred
to as cardiogenic shock; it occurs when there is a significant loss
of the ventricle's ability to pump blood adequately to maintain
optimal blood pressure within the body. It often occurs because
of extensive acute MI.
Chronic heart failure is a more common disorder, where the
heart gradually suffers weakening over a long period.
adaptive immunity Correct Answers Adaptive immunity
consists of specific cellular responses that are stimulated when
the body recognizes a pathogen it has encountered in the past.
Adaptive immunity most effectively defends the body upon re-
exposure to a pathogen, whereas innate immunity defends the
body in a general manner, regardless of history of exposure to
the pathogen
Adaptive immunity Correct Answers specific cellular
responses that are stimulated when the body recognizes a
pathogen it has encountered in the past. Adaptive immunity
most effectively defends the body upon re-exposure to a
pathogen
Adaptive Immunity Correct Answers The adaptive immune
system allows the body to recognize an antigen, target the
specific antigen, limit its response to that antigen, and develop
memory for the antigen for future reference. The adaptive
immune system's ability to recognize and remember specific
antigens is called specificity. The ability to respond again and
, again to specific antigens is caused by a memory response,
which develops after a second exposure to an antigen.
The ability to distinguish self from non-self is another vital
function of the adaptive immune system. Every human cell has
surface antigens called major histocompatibility complexes
(MHCs), also called human leukocyte antigens (HLAs). The
adaptive immune system allows the body to distinguish between
antigens that belong to the host versus antigens that are from an
invader.
adaptive immunity Correct Answers The adaptive immune
system comes to the body's defense after the innate system. A
more specific form of protection, the adaptive immune line of
defense is developed after exposure to antigens. However, after
exposure, the adaptive immune mechanisms act rapidly,
specifically, destructively, and with memory for every
individual antigen it has encountered.
CAN CREATE: immunodeficiency or autoimmune issues
Afterload Correct Answers Afterload can be described as the
amount of resistance that the ventricle must overcome in order
to pump blood out of the heart. The greater the pulmonary
vascular resistance, the greater the afterload against the right
ventricle. Pulmonary HTN, which is high pressure within the
pulmonary arteries, creates high afterload for the right ventricle.
The greater the systemic arterial vascular resistance, the greater
the afterload against the left ventricle. Most commonly,
afterload describes the workload of the left ventricle, or
resistance exerted by the pressure within the aorta against the
left ventricle
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