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Class Notes Biology 12
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Simplified notes for Biology 12 covering Chapter 1, 2, 4, and 5 of the content. Includes hand-drawn labeled diagrams, colored terms, and easy navigating.
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Chapter 4Metabolism
Energy: Ability to do work.
Metabolism: Sum of anabolic (building) and catabolic (breaking down) processes.
Kinetic Energy: Energy of a moving object.
Potential Energy: Stored energy within chemical bonds.
Work: Transfer of energy from one body to another.
First Law of Thermodynamics: Energy can be transferred or transformed, NOT
created or destroyed.
Bond Energy: Energy required to break one mole of bonds for a substance.
Activation Energy: Energy difference between the transition state and the reactant.
Transition State: Temporary condition during which reactant bonds are breaking
and product bonds are forming.
Entropy: Measure of randomness and disorder (ΔS).
Second Law of Thermodynamics: When energy is converted to another form,
some of the energy becomes unstable.
Respiration
Autotrophs: Produce their own food.
Phototrophs: Use light for food production.
Chemotrophs: Use chemical reactions for food production.
Heterotrophs: Feed on other organisms.
Energy Generation Principles: Glycolysis, anaerobic (without oxygen) vs. aerobic
(with oxygen) respiration.
Anaerobic Respiration (Glycolysis, oxidation):
Occurs in cytoplasm, produces 2 ATP, involves pyruvate and NADH.
Chapter 4 1
, Aerobic Respiration (Krebs Cycle and Electron Transport Chain, reduction):
Occurs in mitochondria, produces 36 ATP, involves pyruvate oxidation, citric
acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation.
1. Glycolysis: Breakdown of glucose into pyruvate
(reduction), yielding 2 ATP and NADH.
In cytoplasm, glucose undergoes substrate-level phosphorylation, breaking
ATP into ADP + phosphate by a kinase.
High-energy phosphates + glucose, = fructose-1, 6-bisphosphate, which splits
into DHAP and G3P.
DHAP → G3P through isomerization by isomerase.
G3P oxidized, reducing NAD to NADH with dehydrogenase.
G3P undergoes substrate-level phosphorylation, converting ADP and
phosphate → ATP with kinase.
G3P → pyruvate.
Total of 4 ATP, with a net gain of 2 ATP.
Chapter 4 2
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