What are defense mechanisms? ANS -Subconscious ego-protecting reactions to unpleasant situations.
What are the 8 common defense mechanisms that may apply to students?
DR FDR CPR ANS -*D*enial
*R*epression
*F*antasy
*D*isplacement
*R*eaction Formation
*C*ompensation
*P*rojections
*R*ationalization
,Explain the defense mechanism of *Denial* ANS -A refusal to accept external reality because it is too
threatening. Denial is the refusal to acknowledge what has happened, is happening, or will happen.
Explain the defense mechanism of *Repression* ANS -A person places uncomfortable thoughts into
inaccessible areas of the unconscious mind.
Explain the defense mechanism of *Fantasy* ANS -A student engages in daydreaming about how things
should be rather than doing anything about how things are.
Explain the defense mechanism of *Displacement* ANS -An unconscious shift of emotion, affect, or
desire from the original object to a more acceptable, less-threatening substitute. Kicking the dog or
taking it out on a spouse.
Explain the defense mechanism of *Reaction Formation* ANS -Faking a belief opposite to the true belief
opposite the true belief because the true belief causes anxiety.
Explain the defense mechanism of *Compensation* ANS -Students often attempt to disguise the
presence of a weak or undesirable quality by emphasizing a more positive one.
Explain the defense mechanism of *Projection* ANS -Students may relegate the blame for their own
short-comings and mistakes to others or attribute their motives, desires, and characteristics to others.
Explain the defense mechanism of *Rationalization* ANS -Justifying actions that otherwise would be
unacceptable; the substitution of excuses for reasons.
What are the 3 basic elements of communication? ANS -*Source*- speaker, writer, or instructor
*Symbols*- works or signs
*Receiver*- listener, reader, or student
What are the three characteristics of receivers that instructors must understand in order to effectively
communicate with their students? ANS -*E*xperiences- student experience, background and education
level determine the approach an instructor takes.
, *A*bilities- an instructor needs to determine the abilities of the student in order to properly
communicate
*A*ttitudes- The attitudes that students exhibit may indicate resistance, willingness, or passive
neutrality
What are the barriers to effective communication? ANS -*C*onfusion between the symbol and the
symbolized object
*O*veruse of abstractions
*I*nterference
*L*ack of common experience
How can flight instructors develop their instructional communication skills? ANS -*Role Playing*
*Instructional Communication*: Organize your thoughts, don't word vomit
*Listening*
*Questioning*: to be sure they understand
*Instructional Enhancement*: learn better what you're teaching
What is the definition of the term "*Learning Theory*"? ANS -How people acquire skills, knowledge,
and attitudes.
How can you tell if your student has "learned" what you have taught?
What is the definition of learning? ANS -Change in behavior of the learner as a result of experience.
Modern learning theory grew out of two concepts of how people learn. What are they? ANS -
*Behaviorism*: reinforcement of desired behaviors by someone other than the student to shape or
control what is learned.
*Cognitive Theory*: What is going on inside the student's mind.
"*Combination Theory*"
Why are perceptions so important to learning? ANS -Initially, all learning comes from perceptions.
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