OpenStax Microbiology Test
Bank All Chapters ( Updated
2023/2024)
Gram-Negative cell wall - ANS-outer membrane contains
lipopolysaccharides (LPS), blocking immune response;
contain porin proteins in upper layer
porins - ANS-protein that regulate molecules entering and
leaving cell
Gram-positive chemical compound - ANS-peptidoglycan,
teichoic acid, Lipotheichoic acid, mycolic acids and
polysaccharides
Gram-Negative compound - ANS-lipopolysaccharide (LPS),
Lipoprotein, Peptidoglycan, Porin proteins
Gram stain - ANS-important basis of bacterial classification
and identification
gram-positve - ANS-retain crystal violet and stain purple
gram-negative -
, nontypical cell walls - ANS-lack typical cell wall structure (
Mycobacterium and Nocardia) ANS-lose crystal violet and
stain red from safranin counterstain
gram-positive cell wall structure with lipid mycolic acid
(cord factor) - ANS-high degree of resistance to certain
chemical dyes, basis for acid fast stain used for DX of
infections caused by these microorganisms
eukaryotic cells - ANS-animals, plants, fungi, and protists.
Contain organelles and double membrane bound nucleus
with DNA chromosomes
prokaryotic cells - ANS-bacteria and archaea, no nucleus or
other membrane-bound oragnelles
heredity - ANS-genome which carry DNA in chromosomes,
the molecular blue print of life
appendages - ANS-divided into two major groups: motility,
flagella and axial filaments and attachment/channel,
fimbriae and pili
glycocalyx - ANS-sugar surface coating
flagella - ANS-rotates 360, three parts: filament (long, thin,
helical structure composed of protein flagellin), hook
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