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advanced pathophysiology final exam Questions and Answers Graded A+
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advanced pathophysiology final exam
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primary intervention - answerremoves risk factors, so diseases do not occuradvanced pathophysiology final exam
examples of primary interventions - answerimmunizations, seat belts, helmets
secondary interventions - answerdetecting disease when still curable
examples of secondary interventions - answerpap smears, routine blood screens,
chemotherapy
tertiary interventions - answerpreventing further deterioration or reducing complications
of disease
examples of tertiary interventions - answerbeta blockers following MI, chemo, radiation
homeostasis - answerproperty of a system in which variables are regulated so that
internal conditions remain stable and relatively constant; examples include the stability
of the human body's environment in response to changes in external conditions
mitochondria - answercellular powerhouse; cellular respiration; convert ingested
substances to ATP (cellular metabolism)
endoplasmic reticulum - answerprotein synthesis and fat metabolism
ribosomes - answersite of protein synthesis
golgi apparatus - answerpackages and modifies proteins from the ER for secretion;
produces lysosomes; predominant in secretory cells
Lysosomes and peroxisomes - answercellular digestion
cytoskeleton - answerfilaments and microtubules maintain cell shape; permit movement
types of injurious stimuli (cellular) - answerhypoxia, chemical/toxic agents, physical
agents, microorganisms and immunologic reactions, genetic defects, nutritional
imbalances
how does hypoxia affect cells? - answercauses cellular swelling, local or generalized
release of lactic acid
how do chemical/toxic agents affect cells? - answerdamage cell membrane
types of adaptive immunity - answerhumoral, cell-mediated
humoral immunity - answerutilizes circulating antibodies produced by B-lymphocytes
, primary response of humoral immunity - answer(1) antigen phagocytosed by
macrophage, (2) antigen presenting cells, (3) antigen delivered to B cells, (4) B cells
enlarge and differentiate into: antibody producing plasma cells, memory B cells
secondary response of humoral immunity - answermemory B cells respond to
subsequent antigen exposure in a more rapid and powerful way
cell-mediated immunity - answerexposure to antigen presented by macrophages cause
antigen-specific T-cell differentiation and proliferation in the lymphoid tissue; activated
T-cells continually cycle from lymph to blood to lymph, able to directly respond to an
antigen and destroy the target cell
where do B lymphocytes mature? - answerbone marrow
where to T lymphocytes mature? - answerthymus
what are the major components of innate immunity? - answerepithelial barriers,
phagocytic cells (neutrophils, macrophages), NK cells, plasma proteins, inflammatory
response
natural killer (NK) cells - answerT-cells; play role in both adaptive and innate immunity;
identify viruses, infections (non-self cells)
complement system - answeramplifies the antigen-antibody reaction; includes 9
interacting components (proteins); effects include: opsonization, agglutination,
neutralization, chemotaxis, mast cell and basophil activation, general inflammatory
effects
basophils - answerinnate immunity; release histamine
mast cells - answersecrete histamine; prompted to degranulate during activation
macrophages - answer"pac man"; consume bacteria, cell debris/waste; serve as APCs
neutrophils - answerrelease interleukins (cytokines) to signal other immune cells to
travel to injured area during chemotaxis
toll-like receptors - answersense damage; release chemical mediators that initiate
inflammatory response; found particularly in endothelial layer of capillary beds
antigen-presenting cells (APCs) - answerinclude macrophages, dendritic cells,
Langerhans cells, activated B-cells; (1) engulf foreign particles, (2) present fragment of
antigens on their own surfaces to be recognized by T cells
T cells - answerresponse to intracellular pathogens; recognize self
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