Exam (elaborations)
Advanced Pathophysiology Final Questions and Answers Graded A+
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Advanced Pathophysiology Final
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Advanced Pathophysiology FinalLead poisoning affects the nervous system by
A. Interfering with the function of neurotransmitters
B. Inhibiting the production of myelin around nerves
C. Increasing the resting membrane potential
D. Altering the transport of potassium into the nerves - answerA
Water movement between the intracellular fluid (ICF) compartment and the extracellular
fluid (ECF) compartment is primarily a function of:
A. Osmotic Forces
B. Plasma Oncotic Pressure
C. Antidiuretic hormone
D. Hydrostatic forces - answerA
Two thirds of the body's water is found in its
a. Interstitial fluid spacesLead poisoning affects the nervous system by
A. Interfering with the function of neurotransmitters
B. Inhibiting the production of myelin around nerves
C. Increasing the resting membrane potential
D. Altering the transport of potassium into the nerves - answerA
Water movement between the intracellular fluid (ICF) compartment and the extracellular
fluid (ECF) compartment is primarily a function of:
A. Osmotic Forces
B. Plasma Oncotic Pressure
C. Antidiuretic hormone
D. Hydrostatic forces - answerA
Two thirds of the body's water is found in its
a. Interstitial fluid spaces
b. Vascular system
c. Intracellular fluid compartments
d. Intraocular fluids - answerC
A patient has a history of excessive use of magnesium-containing antacids and
aluminum-containing antacids. What lab value does the healthcare professional
correlate to this behavior?
a. Magnesium 1.8 mg/dL
b. Phosphate 1.9 mg/dL
c. Sodium 149 mEq/L
d. Potassium 2.5 mEq/L - answerB
,A healthcare professional is caring for four patients. Which patient should the
professional assess for hyperkalemia?
a. Hyperparathyroidism
b. Vomiting
c. Renal failure
d. Hyperaldosteronism - answerC
A healthcare professional is caring for four patients. Which patient should the
professional assess for hypermagnesemia as a priority? a. Hepatitis
b. Renal failure
c. Trauma to the hypothalamus d. Pancreatitis - answerB
Cystic fibrosis is caused by what type of gene?
a. X-linked dominant
b. X-linked recessive
c. Autosomal dominant
d. Autosomal recessive - answerD
People diagnosed with neurofibromatosis have varying degrees of the condition
because of which genetic principle?
a. Penetrance
b. Expressivity
c. Dominance
d. Recessiveness - answerB
What is the most common cause of Down syndrome?
a. Paternal nondisjunction
b. Maternal translocations
c. Maternal nondisjunction
d. Paternal translocation - answerC
What does activation of the classical pathway begin with? a. Viruses
b. Antigen-antibody complexes c. Mast cells
d. Macrophages - answerB.
Activation of the classical pathway begins only with the activation of protein C1 and is
preceded by the formation of a complex between an antigen and an antibody to form an
antigen-antibody complex (immune complex). Infection with a virus can lead to the start
of the inflammatory process, but is not the specific activation factor. Mast cells release
the contents of their granules to initiate synthesis of other mediators of inflammation
among other actions. Macrophages are one cell type involved in phagocytosis.
In the coagulation (clotting) cascade, the intrinsic and the extrinsic pathways converge
at which factor?
a. XII
b. VII
,c. X
d. V - answerC. The coagulation cascade consists of the extrinsic and intrinsic
pathways that converge only at factor X.
What effect does the process of histamine binding to the histamine-2 (H2) receptor have
on inflammation?
a. Inhibition
b. Activation
c. Acceleration
d. Termination - answerA. Binding histamine to the H2 receptor is generally
antiinflammatory because it results in the suppression of leukocyte function. Binding to
H2 receptors does not cause activation, acceleration, or termination of the inflammatory
process.
Frequently when H1 and H2 receptors are located on the same cells, they act in what
fashion?
a. Synergistically
b. Additively
c. Antagonistically
d. Agonistically - answerC. Both types of receptors are distributed among many different
cells and are often present on the same cells and may act in an antagonistic fashion.
For instance, neutrophils express both types of receptors, with stimulation of H1
receptors resulting in the augmentation of neutrophil chemotaxis and H2 stimulation
resulting in its inhibition. The two receptors do not act synergistically, additively, or
agonistically.
What is the inflammatory effect of nitric oxide (NO)?
a. Increases capillary permeability, and causes pain b. Increases neutrophil chemotaxis
and platelet aggregation
c. Causes smooth muscle contraction and fever
d. Decreases mast cell function, and decreases platelet aggregation - answerD. Effects
of NO on inflammation include vasodilation by inducing relaxation of vascular smooth
muscle, a response that is local and short-lived, and by suppressing mast cell function,
as well as platelet adhesion and aggregation. NO does not increase capillary
permeability and cause pain, increase neutrophil chemotaxis and platelet aggregation,
or cause smooth muscle contraction and fever.
Which cytokine is produced and released from virally infected host cells?
a. IL-1
b. IL-10
c. TNF-α
d. IFN-α - answerD. Only interferons (IFNs) are produced and released by virally
infected cells in response to viral double-stranded ribonucleic acid (RNA). IFN-α and
IFN-β induce the production of antiviral proteins, thereby conferring protection on
uninfected cells. IFN-α or IFN-β is released from virally infected cells and attaches to a
receptor on a neighboring cell. IFNs also enhance the efficiency of developing an
, acquired immune response. IL-1 is a proinflammatory interleukin. IL-10 plays a critical
role in wound healing. TNF has several systemic effects but is not released from virally
infected host cells.
What does the phagosome step result in during the process of endocytosis?
a. Microorganisms are ingested.
b. Microorganisms are killed and digested.
c. Phagocytes recognize and adhere to bacteria.
d. An intracellular phagocytic vacuole is formed. - answerD. Small pseudopods that
extend from the plasma membrane and surround the adherent microorganism, forming
an intracellular phagocytic vacuole or phagosome, carry out engulfment (endocytosis).
The membrane that surrounds the phagosome consists of inverted plasma membrane.
After the formation of the phagosome, lysosomes converge, fuse with the phagosome,
and discharge their contents, creating a phagolysosome.
When cellular damage occurs and regeneration is minor with no significant
complications, what is the process of returning the cells to preinjury function referred to
as?
a. Restoration
b. Resolution
c. Regrowth
d. Replacement - answerB If damage is minor with no complications and destroyed
tissues are capable of regeneration, then returning the injured tissues to an
approximation of their original structure and physiologic function is possible. This
restoration is called resolution. Resolution is the restoration of the original tissue
structure and function. Regrowth and replacement are not part of resolution.
How does the B-cell receptor (BCR) complex function?
a. Communicating information about the antigen to the helper T cell
b. Secreting chemical signals to communicate between cells
c. Releasing histamine and other vasoactive substances
d. Communicating information about the antigen to the cell nucleus - answerD. The role
of the BCR is to recognize the antigen; however, unlike circulating antibodies, the
receptor must communicate that information to the cell's nucleus. The BCR does not
communicate information about the antigen to the helper T cell or secrete chemical
signals to communicate between cells. The release of histamine and other vasoactive
substances is part of inflammation, not adaptive immunity.
When antibodies are formed against red blood cell antigens of the Rh system, how are
the blood cells destroyed?
a. Complement-mediated cell lysis
b. Phagocytosis by macrophages
c. Phagocytosis in the spleen
d. Neutrophil granules and toxic oxygen products - answerC Antibodies against platelet-
specific antigens or against red blood cell antigens of the Rh system coat those cells at
low density, resulting in their preferential removal by phagocytosis in the spleen, rather
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