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PMCOL 200 Exam Questions And 100% Correct Answers

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PMCOL 200 Exam Questions And 100% Correct Answers ...

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  • September 9, 2024
  • 20
  • 2024/2025
  • Exam (elaborations)
  • Questions & answers
  • zona glomerulosa
  • PMCOL 200
  • PMCOL 200
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PMCOL 200 Exam Questions And
100% Correct Answers

The three regions of kidney - Answer Zona glomerulosa, fasciculata, reticularis

Zona Glomerulosa - Answer Mineralocorticoids, SALT, aldosterone

zona fasciculata - Answer glucocorticoids, SUGAR, cortisol

Zona reticularis - Answer Androgens, SEX, DHEA

HPA Axis - Answer Controls cortisol release from zona fasciculata

ACTH stimulates cortisol synthesis

Cortisol negative feedback loop - Answer CRH come from hypothalamus

ACTH comes from ant. pit.

Supress signals like cytokines involved in stress response

Target tissue: Glucocorticoid tissues

How steroid hormones bind - Answer Bind receptor in cell, dimerize, goes into nucleus
to influence gene transcription

Glucocorticoid receptor - Answer Activated by cortisol

Drugs: Dexamethasone, Prednisone

Mineralocorticoid receptor - Answer High affinity for cortisol and aldosterone

Drugs: Fludocortisone

How are tissues targeted for specificity? - Answer GC tissues express higher
11Beta-hydroxysteroid dehyd. type I, activate cortisol

Cortisol activation - Answer Activated GC or MC

- Kidney cells can express 11B-dehydroxy type II. they can activate and inactivate
cortisol

Sone -> sol - Answer Type I

Sol -> sone - Answer Type II

RAAS System - Answer Angiotensinogen --(Renin)--> Angiotensin I --(ACE)-->

,Angiotensin II -> 2 branches that overall increase B.P

Anti-inflammatory effects of GC's - Answer - Inhibit Arachidonic acid generation by PL2

(inhibit it's cleavage)

- Induce lipocortin expression

- Suppress COX-2 present in cells

Lipocortins/Annexins - Answer - Proteins w/ anti-inflammatory role

- Suppress PL A2 activity

- Direct effect on leukocytes

- Inhibits tissue infiltration

- Activated by GC receptor

Metabolic effects of GC's - Answer - Carbohydrate metabolism, increased free glucose
(increased insulin)

- Inhibits uptake of glucose into adipose tissues (fat deposition)

- Breaks down protein in muscle (loss of mass in limbs)

In adipose tissue - Answer F.A's coming out and no glucose going in

In liver - Answer A.A's going in (muscle breakdown) and glucose coming out (increase in
free glucose)

Addison's Disease - Answer - Chronic adrenocortical problems

- Low production of MC's and GC's

- Fatigue, skin discoloration, salt and sugar imbalances

*Kennedy*

Cushing's - Answer - Overgeneration of adrenocorticosteroids

- Adrenal and/or pituitary tumors

- Drug caused (GC's)

- Round face, hump on back, Fat belly, Osteoporosis

What are immunosuppresants used for? - Answer Rejection in transplants, graft vs host
disease, auto-immune diseases (e.g Lupus)

Immune resonse phases - Answer 1) Induction phase (antigen presentation, clonal
expansion and maturation)

, 2) Effector phase

1st of immune response - Answer 1) Antigen presenting cell phagocytoses a
pathogen/toxin and processes it's protein to help or T-cell to recognize it, causing
activation

2nd step of immune resoonse - Answer T-helper cell CD4 release cytokine IL-2 which
acts in autocrine loop and causes proliferation replication of Th0 cells

3rd step of immune response - Answer Th0 cells become either Th2 or Th1 cells

Th2 cells pathway - Answer become B cells (antibody producing cells) and produce
antibodies

Th1 cells pathway - Answer generate more Th1 cells that create cytokines and that can
activate macrophages that can kill virally infected cells for eg

What type of loop do Th1 cells have? - Answer They havev IL-2 autocrine loop

Calcineurin inhibitors (names) - Answer Cyclosporine, tacrolimus

How calcineurin inhibitors work - Answer To activate Th0 cells and expand T-cells we
need calcineurin NFAT, they require Ca2+ to activate calcineurin and dephosphorylate
NFAT

- these drugs will bind to factors in pathway to suppress Calcineurin

Cyclosporine method of action - Answer - Prevent NFAT mediated transcription

- Act on transition from cyclophilin to calcineurin so basically calcineurin doesn't get
produced

Tacrolimus method of action - Answer - Inhibits FKBP which later becomes calcineurin

- I.e inhibits FKBP-calcineurn complex

FKBP - Answer - Binding protein involved into maturation of other proteins

Cytotoxic agents (name) - Answer Cyclophosphamide

Azathioprine

Cyclophosphamide method of action - Answer - Leads to cross linking of neighbouring
bases and thus interferes with DNA replication

- Useful in rapidly dividing cells

Azathioprine method of action - Answer "Fraudulent nucleotide"

- Inhibits synthesis of new nucleotides

- Metabolizes to 6-mercaptopurine

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