1st of immune response - Answer 1) Antigen presenting cell phagocytoses a
pathogen/toxin and processes it's protein to help or T-cell to recognize it, causing
activation
2nd step of immune resoonse - Answer T-helper cell CD4 release cytokine IL-2 which
acts in autocrine loop and causes proliferation replication of Th0 cells
3rd step of immune response - Answer Th0 cells become either Th2 or Th1 cells
Th2 cells pathway - Answer become B cells (antibody producing cells) and produce
antibodies
Th1 cells pathway - Answer generate more Th1 cells that create cytokines and that can
activate macrophages that can kill virally infected cells for eg
What type of loop do Th1 cells have? - Answer They havev IL-2 autocrine loop
How calcineurin inhibitors work - Answer To activate Th0 cells and expand T-cells we
need calcineurin NFAT, they require Ca2+ to activate calcineurin and dephosphorylate
NFAT
- these drugs will bind to factors in pathway to suppress Calcineurin
- Act on transition from cyclophilin to calcineurin so basically calcineurin doesn't get
produced
Tacrolimus method of action - Answer - Inhibits FKBP which later becomes calcineurin
- I.e inhibits FKBP-calcineurn complex
FKBP - Answer - Binding protein involved into maturation of other proteins
Cytotoxic agents (name) - Answer Cyclophosphamide
Azathioprine
Cyclophosphamide method of action - Answer - Leads to cross linking of neighbouring
bases and thus interferes with DNA replication
- Useful in rapidly dividing cells
Azathioprine method of action - Answer "Fraudulent nucleotide"
- Inhibits synthesis of new nucleotides
- Metabolizes to 6-mercaptopurine
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