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PMCOL 200 Exam Questions And 100% Correct Answers
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PMCOL 200 Exam Questions And100% Correct Answers
The three regions of kidney - Answer Zona glomerulosa, fasciculata, reticularis
Zona Glomerulosa - Answer Mineralocorticoids, SALT, aldosterone
zona fasciculata - Answer glucocorticoids, SUGAR, cortisol
Zona reticularis - Answer Androgens, SEX, DHEA
HPA Axis - Answer Controls cortisol release from zona fasciculata
ACTH stimulates cortisol synthesis
Cortisol negative feedback loop - Answer CRH come from hypothalamus
ACTH comes from ant. pit.
Supress signals like cytokines involved in stress response
Target tissue: Glucocorticoid tissues
How steroid hormones bind - Answer Bind receptor in cell, dimerize, goes into nucleus
to influence gene transcription
Glucocorticoid receptor - Answer Activated by cortisol
Drugs: Dexamethasone, Prednisone
Mineralocorticoid receptor - Answer High affinity for cortisol and aldosterone
Drugs: Fludocortisone
How are tissues targeted for specificity? - Answer GC tissues express higher
11Beta-hydroxysteroid dehyd. type I, activate cortisol
Cortisol activation - Answer Activated GC or MC
- Kidney cells can express 11B-dehydroxy type II. they can activate and inactivate
cortisol
Sone -> sol - Answer Type I
Sol -> sone - Answer Type II
RAAS System - Answer Angiotensinogen --(Renin)--> Angiotensin I --(ACE)-->
,Angiotensin II -> 2 branches that overall increase B.P
Anti-inflammatory effects of GC's - Answer - Inhibit Arachidonic acid generation by PL2
(inhibit it's cleavage)
- Induce lipocortin expression
- Suppress COX-2 present in cells
Lipocortins/Annexins - Answer - Proteins w/ anti-inflammatory role
- Suppress PL A2 activity
- Direct effect on leukocytes
- Inhibits tissue infiltration
- Activated by GC receptor
Metabolic effects of GC's - Answer - Carbohydrate metabolism, increased free glucose
(increased insulin)
- Inhibits uptake of glucose into adipose tissues (fat deposition)
- Breaks down protein in muscle (loss of mass in limbs)
In adipose tissue - Answer F.A's coming out and no glucose going in
In liver - Answer A.A's going in (muscle breakdown) and glucose coming out (increase in
free glucose)
Addison's Disease - Answer - Chronic adrenocortical problems
- Low production of MC's and GC's
- Fatigue, skin discoloration, salt and sugar imbalances
*Kennedy*
Cushing's - Answer - Overgeneration of adrenocorticosteroids
- Adrenal and/or pituitary tumors
- Drug caused (GC's)
- Round face, hump on back, Fat belly, Osteoporosis
What are immunosuppresants used for? - Answer Rejection in transplants, graft vs host
disease, auto-immune diseases (e.g Lupus)
Immune resonse phases - Answer 1) Induction phase (antigen presentation, clonal
expansion and maturation)
, 2) Effector phase
1st of immune response - Answer 1) Antigen presenting cell phagocytoses a
pathogen/toxin and processes it's protein to help or T-cell to recognize it, causing
activation
2nd step of immune resoonse - Answer T-helper cell CD4 release cytokine IL-2 which
acts in autocrine loop and causes proliferation replication of Th0 cells
3rd step of immune response - Answer Th0 cells become either Th2 or Th1 cells
Th2 cells pathway - Answer become B cells (antibody producing cells) and produce
antibodies
Th1 cells pathway - Answer generate more Th1 cells that create cytokines and that can
activate macrophages that can kill virally infected cells for eg
What type of loop do Th1 cells have? - Answer They havev IL-2 autocrine loop
Calcineurin inhibitors (names) - Answer Cyclosporine, tacrolimus
How calcineurin inhibitors work - Answer To activate Th0 cells and expand T-cells we
need calcineurin NFAT, they require Ca2+ to activate calcineurin and dephosphorylate
NFAT
- these drugs will bind to factors in pathway to suppress Calcineurin
Cyclosporine method of action - Answer - Prevent NFAT mediated transcription
- Act on transition from cyclophilin to calcineurin so basically calcineurin doesn't get
produced
Tacrolimus method of action - Answer - Inhibits FKBP which later becomes calcineurin
- I.e inhibits FKBP-calcineurn complex
FKBP - Answer - Binding protein involved into maturation of other proteins
Cytotoxic agents (name) - Answer Cyclophosphamide
Azathioprine
Cyclophosphamide method of action - Answer - Leads to cross linking of neighbouring
bases and thus interferes with DNA replication
- Useful in rapidly dividing cells
Azathioprine method of action - Answer "Fraudulent nucleotide"
- Inhibits synthesis of new nucleotides
- Metabolizes to 6-mercaptopurine
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