Advanced Pathophysiology Mid-Term Study Guide Questions and Answers 2024
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Course
Walden university advanced pathophysiology
Institution
Walden University Advanced Pathophysiology
Advanced Pathophysiology Mid-Term Study Guide Questions and Answers 2024
What causes the rapid change in the resting membrane potential to initiate an action potential?
Na+ gates open, and Na+ rushes into the cell, changing the membrane potential from - to +
What is a consequence of leakag...
Advanced Pathophysiology Mid-Term
Study Guide Questions and Answers
2024
What causes the rapid change in the resting membrane potential to initiate an action
potential? – answer Na+ gates open, and Na+ rushes into the cell, changing the
membrane potential from - to +
What is a consequence of leakage of lysosomal enzymes during chemical injury? -
answer Enzymatic digestion of the nucleus and nucleolus occurs, halting DNA synthesis
In hypoxic injury, sodium enters the cell and causes swelling because: - answer ATP is
insufficient to maintain the pump that keeps Na+ out of the cell.
What mechanisms occur in the liver cells as a result of lipid accumulation? - answer
Increased synthesis of triglycerides from fatty acids and decreased synthesis of
apoproteins
What is the effect of oxidized low-density lipoproteins (LDLs) in atherosclerosis? –
answer LDLs cause smooth muscle proliferation
Which inflammatory cytokines are released when endothelial cells are injured? - answer
Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), and interleukin 1 (IL1)
When endothelia cells are injured, which alteration contributes to atherosclerosis? -
answer Cells are unable to make the normal amount of vasodilating cytokines
Which factor is responsible for hypertrophy of the myocardium associated with
hypertension? - answer Angiotensin II
What effect does atherosclerosis have on the development of an aneurysm? - answer
Atherosclerosis erodes the vessel wall.
Regarding the endothelium, what is the difference between healthy vessel walls and
those that promote clot formation? - answer Inflammation and roughening of the
endothelium of the artery are present.
Which form of angina occurs most often during sleep as a result of vasospasms of one
or more coronary arteries? - answerPrinzmetal
, The pulsusparadoxus that occurs as a result of pericardial effusion is caused by a
dysfunction in which mechanism? - answerDiastolic filling pressure of the left ventricle
and reduction of blood volume in all four heart chambers
Ventricular dilation and grossly impaired systolic function, leading to dilated heart
failure, characterize which form of cardiomyopathy? - answerCongestive
Amyloidosis, hemochromatosis, or glycogen storage disease usually causes which form
of cardiomyopathy? - answerRestrictive
In systolic heart failure, what effect does the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
(RAAS) have on stroke volume? - answerIncreases preload and increases afterload
What is the cause of the dyspnea resulting from a thoracic aneurysm? -
answerPressure on surrounding organs
Which statement is true concerning the cells' ability to synthesize cholesterol? -
answerMost body cells are capable of producing cholesterol.
What is the trigger for angina pectoris? - answerMyocardial ischemia
Individuals being effectively managed for type 2 diabetes mellitus often experience a
healthy decline in blood pressure as a result of which intervention? - answerInsulin-
sensitivity medication therapy
Most cardiovascular developments occur between which weeks of gestation? -
answerFourth and seventh weeks
The function of the foramen ovale in a fetus allows what to occur? - answerRight-to-left
blood shunting
An infant has a continuous machine-type murmur best heard at the left upper sternal
border throughout systole and diastole, as well as a bounding pulse and a thrill on
palpation. These clinical findings are consistent with which congenital heart defect? -
answerPatent ductus arteriosus (PDA)
An infant has a crescendo-decrescendo systolic ejection murmur located between the
second and third intercostal spaces along the left sternal border. A wide fixed splitting of
the second heart sound is also found. These clinical findings are consistent with which
congenital heart defect? - answerAtrial septal defect (ASD)
An infant has a loud, harsh, holosystolic murmur and a systolic thrill that can be
detected at the left lower sternal border that radiates to the neck. These clinical findings
are consistent with which congenital heart defect? - answerVentricular septal defect
(VSD)
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