TEST BANK For Huether and McCance's Understanding
Pathophysiology, Canadian 2nd Edition by Kelly Power-Kean
When does a person experience stress? - ANSWER:When a demand exceeds a
person's coping abilities
What did Dr. Hans Selye do? - ANSWER:Worked to discover a new sex hormone by
injecting ovarian extracts into rats and witness structural changes. He referred to
these stimuli as "stressors"
What are the stages of general adaptation syndrome (GAS) - ANSWER:1. Alarm
2. Resistance/adaptation
3. Exhaustion (allostatic overload)
What happens during the alarm stage of GAS? - ANSWER:Stressor triggers the
hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis
Activates sympathetic nervous system
Arousal of body defenses
What happens during the resistance/adaptation stage of GAS? - ANSWER:Begins
with the actions of adrenal hormones
Mobilization contributes to fight or flight
What happens during the exhaustion stage (allostatic overload) of GAS? -
ANSWER:Occurs only if stress continues and adaptation is not successful
Leads to stress-related disorders
Map the sequence of events during the alarm stage - ANSWER:HPA axis stimulates
cortisol release which causes gluconeogensis, glycolysis, lipolysis and protein
catabolism which leads to increased glucose levels and increases the amount of
available ATP
The HPA axis also stimulates epinephrine release which causes and increased heart
rate, breathing rate and blood sugar
Which psychological factors are necessary for the GAS response? - ANSWER:Reactive
response
Anticipatory response
Conditional response
, What is the definition of stressor/coping - ANSWER:Stress begins with a stimulus that
the brain perceives as stressful and in turn promotes adaptation and survival-related
physiologic responses
Distinguish the anticipatory from the reactive response - ANSWER:Anticipatory
response: you have trauma in the past (PSTD)
Occurs when body mounts a physiologic response in anticipation of disruption of
homeostasis
Reactive Response: after the stress
Physiological response derived from psychological stressors
How does the HPA axis affect the nervous system during stress? -
ANSWER:Hypothalamus secretes corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)
Pituitary releases adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH)
How does the HPA axis affect the endocrine system during stress? -
ANSWER:Adrenals secrete cortisol and catecholamines
How does the HPA axis affect the immune system during stress? - ANSWER:Multiple
alterations secondary to cortisol and catecholamines
decreases T cell cytotoxicity and B cell function which decreases antibody production
Immunosuppression or enhanced humoral immunity
Anti-inflammatory or pro-inflammatory
Cortisol and catecholamines decrease cellular immunity while increase humoral
immunity and acute inflammation
What coordinates neuroendocrine regulation? - ANSWER:The hypothalamus
Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI - ANSWER:how the brain/spinal cord work together
with the body's defenses work against external infection and abnormal cell division
Psycho (CNS)
Consciousness
Endocrine
Brain and spinal cord
Immune
Immune modulation by psychosocial stressors leads directly to health outcomes
Is reproduction and growth stimulated or suppressed during stress? -
ANSWER:Suppressed
Pathophysiology, Canadian 2nd Edition by Kelly Power-Kean
When does a person experience stress? - ANSWER:When a demand exceeds a
person's coping abilities
What did Dr. Hans Selye do? - ANSWER:Worked to discover a new sex hormone by
injecting ovarian extracts into rats and witness structural changes. He referred to
these stimuli as "stressors"
What are the stages of general adaptation syndrome (GAS) - ANSWER:1. Alarm
2. Resistance/adaptation
3. Exhaustion (allostatic overload)
What happens during the alarm stage of GAS? - ANSWER:Stressor triggers the
hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis
Activates sympathetic nervous system
Arousal of body defenses
What happens during the resistance/adaptation stage of GAS? - ANSWER:Begins
with the actions of adrenal hormones
Mobilization contributes to fight or flight
What happens during the exhaustion stage (allostatic overload) of GAS? -
ANSWER:Occurs only if stress continues and adaptation is not successful
Leads to stress-related disorders
Map the sequence of events during the alarm stage - ANSWER:HPA axis stimulates
cortisol release which causes gluconeogensis, glycolysis, lipolysis and protein
catabolism which leads to increased glucose levels and increases the amount of
available ATP
The HPA axis also stimulates epinephrine release which causes and increased heart
rate, breathing rate and blood sugar
Which psychological factors are necessary for the GAS response? - ANSWER:Reactive
response
Anticipatory response
Conditional response
, What is the definition of stressor/coping - ANSWER:Stress begins with a stimulus that
the brain perceives as stressful and in turn promotes adaptation and survival-related
physiologic responses
Distinguish the anticipatory from the reactive response - ANSWER:Anticipatory
response: you have trauma in the past (PSTD)
Occurs when body mounts a physiologic response in anticipation of disruption of
homeostasis
Reactive Response: after the stress
Physiological response derived from psychological stressors
How does the HPA axis affect the nervous system during stress? -
ANSWER:Hypothalamus secretes corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)
Pituitary releases adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH)
How does the HPA axis affect the endocrine system during stress? -
ANSWER:Adrenals secrete cortisol and catecholamines
How does the HPA axis affect the immune system during stress? - ANSWER:Multiple
alterations secondary to cortisol and catecholamines
decreases T cell cytotoxicity and B cell function which decreases antibody production
Immunosuppression or enhanced humoral immunity
Anti-inflammatory or pro-inflammatory
Cortisol and catecholamines decrease cellular immunity while increase humoral
immunity and acute inflammation
What coordinates neuroendocrine regulation? - ANSWER:The hypothalamus
Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI - ANSWER:how the brain/spinal cord work together
with the body's defenses work against external infection and abnormal cell division
Psycho (CNS)
Consciousness
Endocrine
Brain and spinal cord
Immune
Immune modulation by psychosocial stressors leads directly to health outcomes
Is reproduction and growth stimulated or suppressed during stress? -
ANSWER:Suppressed
