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BIOS 255 A&P II Final Review Questions and Answers 2024( A+ GRADED 100% VERIFIED).
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BIOS 255 A&P II Final Review Questions and Answers 2024( A+ GRADED 100% VERIFIED).
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BIOS 255 A&PIII Final ReviewDescribe the structure and functions of the four heart chambers and associated valves and
provide the name of their associated great vessel(s). - ANS The chambers of the heart include
two upper atria and two lower ventricles. External features of the heart include the auricles (
pouch-like extensions found in the atria), the coronary sulcus - a deep sulcus that externally
shows the separation of the atria and ventricles, and the anterior and posterior sulci - grooves
that externally mark the boundaries between the 4 heart chambers.
The right atrium receives blood from the superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, and coronary
sinus. It
is separated internally from the left atrium by the interatrial septum, which contains the fossa
ovalis.
Blood exits the right atrium through the tricuspid valve.
The right ventricle receives blood from the right atrium. Separated internally from the left
ventricle by
the interventricular septum, it pumps blood through the pulmonary valve into the pulmonary
trunk.
Oxygenated blood enters the left atrium from the pulmonary veins and exits through the
bicuspid
(mitral) valve.
The left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood through the aortic valve into the aorta.
right atrium - ANS receives blood from the superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, and coronary
sinus. It
is separated internally from the left atrium by the interatrial septum, which contains the fossa
ovalis.
Blood exits the right atrium through the tricuspid valve
right ventricle - ANS receives blood from the right atrium. Separated internally from the left
ventricle by
the interventricular septum, it pumps blood through the pulmonary valve into the pulmonary
trunk
left atrium - ANS Oxygenated blood enters this atrium from the pulmonary veins and exits
through the bicuspid
(mitral) valve
, left ventricle - ANS This ventricle pumps oxygenated blood through the aortic valve into the
aorta
auricles - ANS pouch like extensions found in the atria
(look like flaps with wrinkled edges from the exterior)
sulci - ANS grooves that externally mark the boundaries between the four heart chambers
coronary sulcus - ANS deep sulcus that externally shows the separation of the atria and
ventricles
anterior and posterior interventricular sulcus - ANS shallow grooves that depict the surface
boundaries between the 2 ventricles.
Name the components of the conduction system of the heart, trace the conduction pathway. -
ANS The conduction starts at the pacemaker region called the Sinoatrial Node (SA node) which
is just under where the superior vena cava enters the right atrium. From here the conduction
passes to the Atrioventricular Node (AV node) which is just to the right of the septum. From here
the stimulation is passed through the Atrioventricular (AV) Bundle (Bundle of His) which carries
the conduction to the septum where two Bundle Branches pick it up. These branches carry the
conduction to the base of the septum where they separate into the Purkinje Fibres. These fibers
carry the conduction all around the heart.
What is the role of the autonomic nervous system in regulating cardiac output? - ANS Cardiac
output is the amount of blood pumped by the heart each minute. The most important system
outside of the heart that controls this is the ANS. The vagus nerve brings down the heart rate.
The parasympathetic releases acetylcholine, which brings the heart rate down (inhibitory). The
sympathetic releases norepinephrine and epinephrine to bring the heart rate up (excitatory).
Describe the timing and events of the cardiac cycle, identifying the normal heart sounds, which
events do they represent? - ANS The cardiac cycle consists of systole (contraction) and
diastole (relaxation) of both atria, plus the systole and diastole of both ventricles. The average
heartbeat is 75 beats/min. A complete cardiac cycle is 0.8 seconds.
Divided into three stages:
1.Diastole: the chambers of the heart (atria and ventricles) are relaxed and filling up with blood
from the veins. The atrioventricular valves (bicuspid on the left and tricuspid on the right) are
open and the semilunar valves (pulmonary and aortic) are closed. This stage lasts for about 0.4
second.
2.Atrial systole: the atria are contracting and the ventricles are relaxed. This takes about 0.1
second.
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