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IGCSE/GCSE CAMBRIDGE PE STUDY NOTES
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These are notes for the Cambridge IGCSE / GCSE PE exam. I had got a grade 9 with this notes in the 22/23 IGCSE may exam.
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PE IGCSE NOTESUNIT 1
SKELETAL AND MUSCULAR SYSTEM
4 MAIN FUNCTIONS OF THE SKELETON………………………………………..
1. Shape and support:
- Forms the frame to which our muscles can attach and our organs can sit.
- Bones support the weight of the body above them.
eg. The spine enables us to stand upright.
The skeleton is:
- Solid
- *Rigid (long bones can bend)
- Upright posture
- Technique
2. Muscle Attachment:
The skeleton offers a surface for muscles to attach to. A muscle is joined to a bone
by a tendon. When a muscle is contracted it pulls on a bone to create movement.
3. Protection:
The vital organs are protected by the skeleton
eg. the cranium protects the brain, the ribs protect the lungs and heart, the vertebrae
protects the spinal cord…
4. Red Blood Cell Production
The centre of some large bones contains bone narrow which produces red blood
cells.
If you lose bone density and your muscles become fragile it is known as
osteoporosis
,BONES…………………………………………………………………………………
The bones have a solid structure that supports the upright posture of the body and
gives humans their shape.
Bone density increases as a long term effect of exercise.
There are 206 bones in our bodies.
If you lose bone density and your muscles become fragile it is known as
osteoporosis
Ossification is the process of bone formation by cells called osteoblasts.
Babies are born with 300 bones, made of temporary cartilage which by the adulthood
it is reduced to 206. This occurs because cartilage grows and is slowly replaced by
bone.
The development of the skeleton lasts for at least 25 years.
There are four major classifications of bone in the human skeleton.
Long bones: Bones that are longer than
they are wide, like a femur. These play a key
part in leverage and movement.
Short bones: Bones that are box-like in
shape, like tarsals. These are designed to
be weight bearing.
Flat bones: Thin, plate bones that act like a
shell, such as the cranium. They provide
protection and a large surface to which
muscles can attach.
Irregular bones: Unusually shaped bones
for a unique purpose, like vertebrae. These also provide protection and a large
surface to which muscles can attach.
Phalanx is singular, phalanges plural
,SPINE…………………………………………………………………………………
The spine is made up of 33 vertebrae.
Between each vertebra there is a pad of cartilage
which allows movement and prevents friction.
The vertebrae protects the spinal cord.
The vertebral column is divided into 5 sections
First 2 vertebrae in the body:
C1 atlas
C2 axis
, JOINTS………………………………………………………………………………
3 JOIN TYPES:
Fixed/immovable: Fibrous joints where no movement is possible. Eg. between the
fat bones of the cranium.
Slightly movable/cartilaginous joints: Provide a small range of movement. Joined
by cartilage and ligaments. Eg. between the vertebrae
Freely movable/synovial joints: Provide a large range of movement. Most joints
are synovial. There are 2 types:
Hinge joints are only capable of producing movement in one direction.
- Located at the elbow and the knee
- More stable and less prone to injury
- Movements possible- flexion and extension
e.g elbow, knee, ankle
Ball and socket joints form as one bone that has a bulge that fits into a socket on
the other bone
- Provide a large range of movement
- Less stable and more prone to injury
- Located at the hip and the shoulder
- Movements possible- flexion, extension, abductions, adduction, rotation and
circumduction
Eg. hip bone, shoulder
Phases of movement: 1. Preparation 2. Execution 3. Follow through
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