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Paper 1 Essay plans for AQA Pscyh - definitions/terminolgy is MARK SCHEME BASED
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SOCIAL INFLUENCETypes of conformity AO1:
COMPLIANCE - the most superficial level of conformity
- they change their views/actions to fit in with the
reference group.
- doesn’t result in a change in the person’s underlying
attitude,only in the views and behaviours they
express in public.
INTERNALISATION - the deepest level of conformity.
- a person genuinely accepts group norms and
displays the same attitude both publicly and
privately through opinions and behaviours.
IDENTIFICATION
- when someone conforms to the opinions/behaviour
of a group because there is something about the
group which they value.
- a public change to accepting the group's norm even
though their private attitudes may differ.
Explanations for conformity:
Informational social influence - (cognitive)
- occurs when an individual accepts information from
others as evidence about reality
- most likely to happen when a person is in a
new,ambiguous situation,they may observe the
behaviours of others who have more experiences
than them and adopt these behaviours.
- leads to internalisation.
Normative social influence - (emotional)
- an individual conforms with the expectations of the
majority in order to gain approval and avoid
rejection/social disapproval.
- leads to compliance.
AO3:
Research support for ISI
- Lucas et al (2006)
- Greater conformity when the maths task was harder
and when the students rated their mathematical
skills low
- Shows that conformity is reliant on what is viewed
as right
- Experimental reductionism
, Individual differences for NSI
- McGhee and Teevan (1967)
- Some are nAffiliators who have a need for social
recognition
- They are more likely to conform
- Not all people appease societal norms
- Socially sensitive research may make others feels
conscious of their conformity
Research support for ISI
- Asch (1951)
- Conformity rates fell to 12.5% when ppts were
asked to write down answers instead of saying them
- When interviewer, ppts were afraid of disapproval
from the group
- Experimental reductionism
Asch and conformity AO1:
- 75% of the participants
conformed on at least
one critical trial
- 25% never conformed
- 36.8% gave the wrong
answer
- Group Size = increased
to 31.8%
- Unamity = reduced by a 1/4
- Task Difficulty = increased
AO3:
Research support for Asch
- Lucas et al (2006)
- Greater conformity when the maths task was harder
and when the students rated their mathematical
skills low
- Shows that conformity is reliant on what is viewed
as right
- Experimental reductionism
Artificial task and situation
- Fiske (2014)
- Ppts did not resemble a real life group, nor realistic
situation
- Trivial tasks may lead to demand characteristics
- Findings cannot generalise to everyday scenarios,
low external validity
- Experimental reductionism
Limited applications
, - Bond and Smith (1996)
- Conformity is higher in collectivist cultures as they
are oriented to group needs
- Only 123 american men in the study
- Ethnocentric findings applicable to western culture
Zimbardo and conformity AO1:
with social roles - Participant observation and controlled
observation
- 24 male students were randomly assigned roles of
prisoner/guard
- Unexpected arrest, uniforms and ID
- All ppts conformed to their roles
- 1 prisoner released on the 1st day and 2 on the 4th
- Zimbardo took the role of superintendent
- Planned duration of 2 weeks, stopped after 6 days
AO3:
Ethical issues
- Psychological harm done to some ppts who had to
leave in the early days of the experiment
- Zimbardo became the superintendent where he
conformed to that role instead of focussing on the
experiment
- Experiment did not last the 2 weeks
- HOWEVER, you could leave at any time
- 100% of participants said they would do it again
High internal control
- roles were randomly assigned to avoid researcher
bias
- ppts interviewed beforehand to ensure emotional
stability
- Reduced reasonings of different personalities and
chance to explain confirmation to social roles
- High internal validity
- Experimentally reductionist as it was conducted in a
university which could have led to demand
characteristics
Unrealistic
- Banuazizi and Mohavedi
- Guard based his character off of a film called Cool
Hand Luke
- Not real conformation to social roles due to
stereotypes used
- HOWEVER, 90% of conversations were about
prison life
- Prisoner 416 expressed his theory that the prison
was real but run by psychologists
- High internal validity
, Milgram and obedience AO1:
- 40 male participants
- 84% were glad they participated
- 65% of ppts went to the highest voltage of 450V
- Many showed signs of anxiety and stress - 3 having
seizures
- 12.5% stopped at 300V
- All ppts debriefed
AO3:
Research support
- Sherridan and King
- 54% of males and 100% of females went to the
‘lethal shock’ to a puppy
- Supports the findings of Milgram’s baseline study
and his prediction for behaviour
- Alpha bias could be argue as the differences
between males and female are exaggerated
- Could lead to claims that women are more obedient
Research support
- Le Jeu de la Mort game show replicated Milgram
- Ppts had to give fake shocks to the presenter in
front of an audience
- 80% when to the maximum shock of 460V
- HOWEVER, ppts were paid to do this therefore this
could be skewed the findings due to monetary gain
- Experimental reductionism
Low internal validity
- Orne and Holland argue ppts only obeyed since they
knew the shocks were not real
- Gina Perry found many ppts doubted that the
shocks were real by listening to audio recordings
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