Anatomy and Physiology detailed notes of all systems
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Course
Adult Nursing (BSC)
Institution
University Of Bolton
Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology
Welcome to the fascinating world of Anatomy and Physiology! This field of study delves into the intricate structure and function of the human body, exploring how its various systems work in harmony to maintain health and facilitate life.
Anatomy is the bra...
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
FIRST SEMESTER
LECTURE AND NOTES
ANATOMY INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
- Creates barrier that protects the body
• Study of the structure and relationships
from pathogens and fluid loss.
between body parts.
- Sensory reception
Example: Studying the structure of the heart and
- Hair, nails, sweat glands, oil glands
how it is connected to the organs.
SKELETAL SYSTEM
PHYSIOLOGY
- Supports and protects
• Study of the function of the body parts body
and the body as a whole.
- Provide surface area for
Example: Understanding how the heart pumps
muscle attachments
blood the body. - Aids body movements
- Houses cell that produce blood cells
STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION OF THE - Store mineral and lipids (fats)
HUMAN BODY - Bones, cartilage
MUSCULAR SYSTEM
- Creates the movement of the
body
- Contributes to body
temperature homeostasis
- Participates in body movements such as
walking
- Maintains posture
- Produces heat
- Skeletal muscle, tendon
1. Chemical Level
NERVOUS SYSTEM
- Atoms and molecules
- Acts as the sensor for
- DNA, Glucose, RNA
homeostasis
2. Cellular Level
- Connects the brain to
- Cells and their organelles
every part of the body
- RBC’s, Neurons
- Generates action
3. Tissue Level
potentials (nerve impulses) to regulate
- Groups of similar cells performing a
body activities
common position.
- Detects changes in body’s internal and
- Muscle Tissue
external environments, interprets
4. Organ Level
changes, and responds by causing
- Two or more tissue types working
muscular contractions or glandular
together.
secretions
- Stomach, brain
- Brain, spinal cord, nerves, eyes, ears
5. System Level
- Organs working together to accomplish a
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
common purpose.
- Secretes the hormones
- Digestive System, Endocrine System,
that regulate many bodily
Skeletal System
processes
6. Organisms Level
- Regulates body activities
- Human body as a whole.
by releasing hormones
THE HUMAN BODY AS A SYSTEM (chemical messengers
transported in blood from endocrine
gland or tissue to target organ).
- Hypothalamus, pineal gland, pituitary gland,
hormones, ovaries, pancreas
, ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
FIRST SEMESTER
LECTURE AND NOTES
- Delivers oxygen, - Helps maintain the acid-base balance of
nutrients, hormones, and body fluid
waste products - Kidney, ureter, urinary bladder, urethra
throughout the body
- Blood, heart, blood vessels REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
- Gonads also release hormones that
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM regulate reproduction and other body
- Regulates fluid processes
balance in the body - Produce and
- Houses some of the exchange gametes
immune cells that - House the fetus and
depend the body birth
from pathogens - Lactation
- Returns proteins and fluid to blood - Ovary, testis, vagina, penis
- Carries lipids from gastrointestinal tract to
blood MAINTAINING BOUNDARIES
- Contains sites of maturation and - To remain the inside distinct from
proliferation of B cells and T cells that the outside.
protect against disease-causing microbes
- Lymph nodes, lymph vessels, thymus, spleen NECESSARY LIFE FUNCTIONS
1. Metabolism
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM - Sum of all chemical processes that occur
- Exchanges air with the in the body.
atmosphere - All chemical reactions in the body
- Provides surface area for - Catabolism, Anabolism
the diffusion of oxygen - Includes breaking down complex
and carbon dioxide with substances into simpler building blocks,
blood making larger structures from smaller
- Helps regulate acid-base ones and using nutrients and oxygen to
balance of fluids produce molecules of ATP
- Air flowing out of lungs through vocal - Depends on Digestive, Respiratory, and
cords produce sounds Cardiovascular System
- Lungs, airways, trachea, bronchus, larynx, - Regulated chiefly by hormones secreted
pharynx by gland of Endocrine System
2. Responsiveness
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM - Irritability
- Breaks down food and - Body’s ability to detect and respond to
absorbs nutrients into the changes
body - Ability to sense and respond to stimuli
- Eliminates solid wastes 3. Digestion
- Achieves physical and - Breaking down of undigested food into
chemical breakdown of simple molecules that can be absorbed by
food blood
- Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, - Nutrient-rich blood is then distributed to
intestines, anus all body cells by the cardiovascular
system
URINARY SYSTEM 4. Excretion
- Contributes to blood - Removing of excreta or wastes from the
pressure and pH body, non-useful substances produced
homeostasis during digestion and metabolism must get
- Removes waste products rid thru digestive and urinary system
from the body 5. Movement
- Produces, stores, and - Motion of the whole body, individual
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