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Test Bank for Jonas' Introduction to the U.S. HealthCare System, 9th Edition by Raymond L. Goldsteen
What is health? - ANSWER • Health is a state of complete physical, mental, and
social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.
What are the goals of the AOA? - ANSWER •DOs practice a "whole person"
approach to health care.
•Instead of just treating specific symptoms, DOs concentrate on treating each patient
as a whole.
•DOs help patients develop attitudes and lifestyles that don't just fight illness but also
help prevent disease.
What does a good health care system require? - ANSWER A good health system
delivers quality services to all people, when and where they need them. It requires:
1. Robust financing mechanisms
2. A well-trained and adequately paid workforce
3. Reliable information to base decisions and policies
4. Well maintained facilities
5. Logistics to deliver quality medicines and technologies
What are the determinants of health? - ANSWER •Health care is just one
determinant of health
•Others include
- genetic inheritance
-the physical environment
-the social environment
How can the physical environment affect health? - ANSWER •Can provide
exposure to toxins and unsafe conditions, including due to employment
-Farm workers: injuries
-Office workers: indoor air pollution
•previously asbestos
•now formaldehyde exposure and radon exposure
How can the social environment affect health? - ANSWER •Can cause health risks
•Those with a lower socioeconomic status have more health risks, particularly for
-Cardiovascular disease
-Diabetes
-Asthma
-Cancer
-HIV/AIDS
What are the 10 leading causes of death in the US? - ANSWER 1.Heart disease
,2.Cancer
3.COVID-19 (new on the list in 2020; killed 350,831 in 2020 & 416,893 in 2021)
4.Accidents (unintentional injuries)
5.Stroke (cerebrovascular diseases)
6.Chronic lower respiratory diseases
7.Alzheimer's disease
8.Diabetes
9.Chronic liver disease and cirrhosis
10.Nephritis, nephrotic syndrome, and nephrosis
What is the focus of health care and how is it categorized? - ANSWER •The central
focus of health care is to restore health or prevent exacerbation of health problems
•Health care can be categorized as primary, secondary, and tertiary
What is primary prevention? - ANSWER •Eliminate risk factors for a disease
•For example:
-use automobile seat belts
-use condoms
-protect skin from ultraviolet light
-tobacco cessation programs
-dietary modifications
What is Secondary Prevention? - ANSWER •Early detection of disease so
treatment is more effective
What is Tertiary Prevention? - ANSWER -Focuses on optimum treatment of
identified disease to reduce the incidence of later complications
-May include rehabilitation and
limitation of disability
What was the focus on health care prior to 2010? - ANSWER •Previous focus on
secondary & tertiary prevention, not on primary, except for provisions of
immunizations
What did the 2010 affordable care act change focus to? - ANSWER •2010
Affordable Care Act changed focus to maintenance of health prior to the onset of
disease in several ways, including:
-removing deductibles & copays for preventive services
-providing grants to employers for wellness programs
-insurance premium discounts for employers with wellness programs
-requiring chain restaurants to publish
calorie counts for their food
What are the 6 components of a health care system? - ANSWER •the facilities
where health care is provided
•the workforce that provides the health care services
•the supplies or therapeutics, aka medical products (pharmaceuticals and medical
equipment)
, •leadership and governance
•the financing mechanisms
•information systems for performance evaluation
What are princpal players in US health care system? - ANSWER •The
governmental health care sector (aka public sector)
•The private, nonprofit health care sector
•The private, for-profit health care sector
What organization are components of health care? - ANSWER •Components of a
health care system interact and function to provide health services
•Need organizations with these functions:
-Health care payers
-Health care providers
-Health care policy makers
How are health care systems evaluated? - ANSWER •Health care systems can be
evaluated on the following criteria:
-the quality of the health care provided
-the equity achieved in the provision of health care
-the efficiency with which health care is provided
How many people comprise the US health care workforce? - ANSWER •In 2022,
about 18.1 million people worked in the health care system
•This was up from about 15.7 million in 2010
What is primary care? - ANSWER -what most people need most of the time for
health and illness
-Includes personal treatment and preventive measures
•Promotion of personal lifestyle/behavior change (e.g. regular
exercise),immunization, prenatal care, periodic health examination for early disease
prevention, treatment for illness
What is secondary care? - ANSWER Secondary care:
-services are available in physicians' offices and community hospitals
-Includes most surgical procedures, diagnostic, and treatment interventions of
specialists
•For example: radiologists, cardiologists, ophthalmologists
What is Tertiary Care? - ANSWER Tertiary care
-highly specialized diagnostic, therapeutic, and rehabilitative services that require
staff and equipment beyond what an average community hospital has available
-care is generally available in major medical centers
•For example: open heart surgery, organ transplantation, complex chemotherapy
and radio-therapy for cancer, preservation of very low birth weight premature infants
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