Exam (elaborations)
Test bank for human biology 14th edition by sylvia s mader & michael w. all 47 chapters in 967 pages.
Test bank for human biology 14th edition by sylvia s mader & michael w. all 47 chapters in 967 pages.
[Show more]
Connected book
Book Title:
Author(s):
- Edition:
- ISBN:
- Edition:
Content preview
Human Biology by Sylvia Mader CH 1, 2, 3,41. Actin Filament: Component of the cytoskeleton; plays a role in the movement of
the cell and its organelles; a protein filament in a sarcomere of a muscle, its
movement shortens the sarcomere, yielding muscle contraction
2. Bacillus: A rod-shaped bacterium; also a genus of bacteria
3. Capsule: A form of glycocalyx that consists of a gelatinous layer; found in blue-
green algae and certain bacteria
4. Cell: The smallest unit of life that displays all the properties of life; composed of
cytoplasm surrounded by a plasma membrane
5. Cell Envelope: In a prokaryotic cell, the portion composed of the plasma
membrane, the cell wall, and the glycocalyx
6. Cell Theory: One of the major theories of biology, which states that all organisms
are made up of cells; cells are capable of self-reproduction and come only from
preexisting cells
7. Cell Wall: Cellular structure that surrounds a plant, protistan, fungal, or bacterial
cell and maintains the cell's shape and rigidity; composed of polysaccarides
8. Central Vacuole: In a plant cell, a large, fluid-filled sac that stores metabolites.
During growth, it enlarges, forcing the primary cell wall to expand and the cell
surface-area-to-volume ration to increase
9. Centriole: Cell structure, existing in pairs, that occurs in the centrosome and
may help organize a mitotic spindle for chromosome movement during animal cell
division
10. Centrosome: Central microtubule organized center of cells. In animal cells, it
contains two centrioles.
11. Chloroplats: Membrane-bounded organelle in algae and plants with
chlorophyll-containing membranous thylakoids; where photosynthesis takes place
12. Chromatin: Network of DNA strands and associated proteins observed within
a nucleus of a cell
13. Chromoplast: Plastid in land plants responsible for orange, yellow, and red
color of plants, including the autumn colors in leaves
14. Chromosome: The structure that transmits the genetic material form one
generation to the next; composed of condensed chromatin; each species has a
particular number of chromosomes that is passed on to the next generation
15. Cilia (Sing., Cilium): Short, hairlike projections from the plasma membrane,
occurring usually in larger numbers
16. Cristae (Sing., Crista): Short, finger-like projections formed by the folding of
the inner membrane of the mitochondira
17. Cynobacterium (Pl., Cyanobaceria): Photosynthetic bacterium that contains
chlorophyll and releases oxygen; formerly called a blue-green alga
, .
18 Cytoplasm: Region of a cell between the nucleus, or the nucleoid region of a
bacterium, and the plasma membrane; contains the organelles of the cell
19. Cytoskeleton: Internal framework of the cell, consisting of microtubules, actin
filaments, and intermediate filaments
20. Endomembrane System: Cellular system that consists of the nuclear
envelope, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and vesicles
21. Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER): System of membranous saccules and
channels in the cytoplasm, often with attached ribosomes
22. Eukaryotic Cell (Eukaryote): Type of cell that has a membrane-bounded
nucleus and membranous organelles; found in organisms with the domain Eukarya
23. Gene: Unit of heredity existing as alleles on the chromosomes; in diploid
organisms, typically to alleles are inherited-one from each parent
24. Glycocalyx: Gel-like coating outside the cell wall of a bacterium. If compact,
it is called a capsule; if diffused, it is called a slime layer
25. Golgi Apparatus: Organelle consisting of sacs and vesicles that processes,
packages, and distributes molecules about or from the cell
26. Granum (Pl., Grana): Stack of chlorophyll-containing thylakoids in a
chloroplast
27. Intermediate Filament: Rope-like assemblies of fibrous polpypeptides in the
cytoskeleton that provide support and strength to cells; so called because they are
intermediate in size between actin filaments and microtubules
28. Lysosome: Membrane-bounded vesicle that contains hydrolytic enzymes for
digesting macromolecules and bacteria; used to recycle worn-out cellular
organelles 29. Mesosome: In a bacterium, plasma membrane that folds into the
cytoplasm and increases surface area
30. Microtubule: Small, cylindrical organelle composed of tubulin protein around
an empty central core; present in the cytoplasm, centrioles, cilia, and flagella
31. Mitochondria (Sing., Mitochondrion): Memembrane-bounded organelle in
which ATP molecules are produced during the process of cellular respiration
32. Motor Molecule: Protein that moves along either actin filaments or
microtubules and translocates organelles
33. Nuclear Envelope: Double membrane that surrounds the nucleus in
eukaryotic cells and is connected to the endoplasmic reticulum; has pores that allow
substances to pass between the nucleus and the cytoplasm
34. Nuclear Pore: Opening in the nuclear envelope that permits the passage of
proteins into the nucleus and ribosomal sub-units out of the nucleus
35. Nucleoid: Region of prokaryotic cells where DNA is located; it is not bounded
by a nuclear envelope
, .
36. Nucleolus: Dark-staining, spherical body in the nucleus that produces
ribosomal subunits
37 Nucleoplasm: Semi-fluid medium of the nucleus containing chromatin
38. Organelle: Small, membranous structures in the cytoplasm having specific
structure and function
39. Peroxisome: Enzyme-filled vesicle in which fatty acids and amino acids are
metabolized to hydrogen peroxide that is broken down to harmless products
40. Plasma Membrane: Membrane surrounding the cytoplasm that consists of a
phospholipid bi-layer with embedded proteins; functions to regulate the entrance
and exit of molecules from cell
41. Plasmid: Extrachromosomal ring of accessory DNA in the cytoplasm of
prokaryotes
42. Plastid: Organelles of plants and algae that are bounded by a double
membrane and contain internal membranes and/or vesicles (i.e., chloroplasts,
chromoplasts, leucoplasts)
43. Prokaryotic Cell: Cells that generally lack a membrane-bounded nucleus and
organelles; and the cell type within the domains Bacteria and Archaea
44. Ribosome: Site of protein synthesis in a cell; composed of proteins and
ribosomal RNA (rRna)
45. Rough ER: Membranous system of tubules, vesticels, and sacs in cells; has
attached ribosomes
46. Smooth ER: Membranous system of tubules, vesicles, and sacs in eukaryotic
cells; site of lipid synthesis; lacks attached ribosomes
47. Spirochete: Long, rod-shaped bacterium that is twisted into a flexible spiral; if
the spiral is rigid rather than flexible, it is called a spirillum
48. Stroma: Region within a chloroplast that surrounds the grana; contains
enzymes involved int eh synthesis of carbohydrates during the Calvin cycle of
photosynthesis
49. Surface-Area-To-Volume-Ratio: Ration of a cell's outside area to its internal
volume; the relationship limits the maximum size of a cell
50. Thylakoid: Flattened sac within a granum of a chloroplast; membrane
contains chlorophyll, location where the light reactions of photosyntheis occur
51. Vacuole: Membranepbounded sac, larger than a vesicle; usually functions in
storage and can contain a variety of substances. In plants, a central one fills much
of the interior of the cell
52. Vesicle: Small, membrane-bounded sac that stores substances within a cell
53. Levels of Organization: atoms, molecules, cells, tissues, organs, organ
systems, populations, community, ecosystem, biosphere
The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
Guaranteed quality through customer reviews
Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.
Quick and easy check-out
You can quickly pay through credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.
Focus on what matters
Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!
Frequently asked questions
What do I get when I buy this document?
You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.
Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?
Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.
Who am I buying these notes from?
Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller KINGNOTES1. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.
Will I be stuck with a subscription?
No, you only buy these notes for $17.79. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.
Can Stuvia be trusted?
4.6 stars on Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)
83637 documents were sold in the last 30 days
Founded in 2010, the go-to place to buy study notes for 14 years now