Test Bank for HDEV : human lifespan development 6th
Edition by Spencer A. Rathus |All Chapters, 2024|
principles of human development. - ANSWER Multidimensional Multidirectional
Plastic
Multiple Contexts
Multidisciplinary
Multidimensional - ANSWER Physical changes our body grows and so does our
mind, they way we show emotion and our social relationships.
Multidirectional - ANSWER Consists of both gains (early in life) and losses(late in
life), growth and decline throughout the lifespan.
Plastic - ANSWER It is malleable or changeable. Frequently our body can
compensate for illness and injury. It allows us to modify traits and capacities
throughout life.
Multiple Contexts - ANSWER Where and when a person develops, culture,social
class, religion. Also a generation of people born at the same time.
Multidisciplinary - ANSWER People are extremely complex so multiple disciplines
are needed to research and understand how people grow, change, think, stay the
same and interact with their world.
Contex - ANSWER Refers to where and when a person develops. It includes
physical and social environment such as family, neighborhood, country, culture, and
historical time period.
Cohort - ANSWER generation of people born at the same time.(economic shifts.
depression or prosperity, baby boomers)
Freud's Psychoanalytic theory - ANSWER Unconscious drives & impulses-are
outside of our awareness they originate in childhood & influence thinking & behavior.
We are emotional beings—coping with anxiety & strong emotions that arise from
inner conflicts.
We are conflicted with ourselves & society.
Erikson's Psychosocial) theory - ANSWER It focuses on all stages of life. Each
stage, the child/person has a specific life challenge to deal with. How the child deals
with it has implications for later development & well-being. Each stage is determined
maturation & the social demands that a child/person experiences at particular points
in his/her life.Parents can make a difference in how children handle the challenge at
each stage.
, Watson's 3 claims. - ANSWER ---Observable & measurable argued that scientists
should study only phenomena.
--Experience is more important in development than biological maturation &
influences.
--Parents determine what their children will become.-
Classical conditioning - ANSWER A person (or animal) learns to associate a neutral
stimulus (e.g. sound) with a meaningful stimulus (e.g. food).(pavlov's dog)
(Pavlov) a form of learning in which an environmental stimulus becomes associated
with stimuli that elicit reflex response
Operant conditioning - ANSWER (skinner) rewards and punishment)A
person/animal performs a action, & then a response occurs.If the response is
pleasurable, then the person is likely to repeat the action. If the response is painful
uncomfortable,the person is not likely to repeat the action.
Bandura's social learning theory - ANSWER imitation is a major source of learning &
development.
Vicarious reinforcement - ANSWER New behaviors can be acquired by simply
watching a model.Bobo doll study: Children learning aggression through observation
of a model
Piaget's cognitive development theory - ANSWER Language,
vocabulary
reasoning.
Schemas - ANSWER Mental representations such as concepts, ideas, & ways of
interacting with the world. schemas are developed & revised through the process of
assimilation & accommodation
Vygotsky's sociocultural theory - ANSWER child development:
Culture and Development
Evolutionary developmental theory: - ANSWER focuses on the biological & genetic
aspects of development as well as the evolutionary significance of behaviors.
Darwin: - ANSWER Many human impulses, needs, & behaviors evolved to help
humans survive & thrive over the past 100,000 years. This theory focuses on
behaviors that have adaptive or evolutionary significance.
cross-sectional research - ANSWER comparing groups of people of different
ages,at one time.
longitudinal research - ANSWER one group of people is studied at many points in
their life.
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