Prepare to ace the NEET Biology section with these comprehensive and detailed notes on the Animal Kingdom. Whether you're a beginner or looking to strengthen your understanding, these notes cover everything you need, from basic classification to advanced concepts.
Key features include:
Cl...
Animal Kingdom
1. Classification and Taxonomy
• Kingdom Animalia:
o Characteristics: Multicellular, eukaryotic organisms. They are
heterotrophic (obtain nutrients by ingestion), lack cell walls, and are
typically motile at some stage of their life cycle.
• Levels of Organization:
o Cellular: No tissue formation (e.g., Sponges).
o Tissue: Presence of tissues but no organs (e.g., Cnidarians).
o Organ: Tissues form organs (e.g., Flatworms).
o Organ System: Organs work together to perform complex functions
(e.g., Vertebrates).
• Symmetry:
o Asymmetry: No symmetry (e.g., Sponges).
o Radial Symmetry: Body parts arranged around a central axis (e.g.,
Cnidarians).
o Bilateral Symmetry: Body has left and right halves that are mirror
images (e.g., Arthropods, Vertebrates).
• Body Cavity:
o Acoelomate: No body cavity between the gut and outer body wall (e.g.,
Flatworms).
o Pseudocoelomate: A body cavity between the endoderm and
mesoderm (e.g., Roundworms).
o Coelomate: A body cavity completely lined by mesoderm (e.g.,
Earthworms, Mollusks).
• Development:
o Protostome Development: The mouth develops first from the
blastopore (e.g., Arthropods, Mollusks).
, o Deuterostome Development: The anus develops first from the
blastopore (e.g., Echinoderms, Chordates).
2. Major Phyla of Animalia
• Porifera (Sponges):
o Examples: Spongilla, Euplectella.
o Characteristics: Cellular level of organization, asymmetrical, primarily
aquatic. They have a porous body with a central cavity and use
flagellated cells called choanocytes to filter feed.
• Cnidaria:
o Examples: Jellyfish (Aurelia), Corals (Acropora), Sea anemones
(Adamsia).
o Characteristics: Radial symmetry, two tissue layers (ectoderm and
endoderm), presence of nematocysts (stinging cells) in specialized cells
called cnidocytes. They have a simple gastrovascular cavity.
• Platyhelminthes (Flatworms):
o Examples: Planarians (Dugesia), Tapeworms (Taenia), Flukes (Fasciola).
o Characteristics: Bilateral symmetry, acoelomate, three tissue layers
(ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm). They have a flattened body and a
single opening for digestion.
• Nematoda (Roundworms):
o Examples: Ascaris (a parasitic worm), Wuchereria (causes lymphatic
filariasis).
o Characteristics: Bilateral symmetry, pseudocoelomate, complete
digestive tract with separate mouth and anus. They have a cylindrical
body with a tough cuticle.
• Annelida (Segmented Worms):
o Examples: Earthworms (Lumbricus), Leeches (Hirudo).
o Characteristics: Bilateral symmetry, coelomate, segmented bodies.
They have a segmented body plan with a true coelom and a complete
digestive system.
• Arthropoda (Invertebrates with Jointed Appendages):
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