This comprehensive and detailed summary discusses cellular level organization, cell structures, genetic code, and its life cycle, and the different ways that cell transport substances.
Introduction to Cells
o Cell theory and the process of cellular differentiation.
o The cell and its organelles, including the structure and function of
each.
o Structural and functional features of the plasma membrane.
o The ribosome, smooth and rough endoplasmic reticula, and indicate
their specific functions.
o The Golgi apparatus and indicate its specific functions.
o Structure of a mitochondrion, and explain the significance of
mitochondria to cellular function.
o Smallest living unit in the body
Cell differentiation
o All cells in the body come from a single fertilized ovum
Start with a single cell, yet end with wide variety of cell size,
shape, and function
o Fertilized ovum contains genetic potential to become any cell
o First cell divisions create smaller parcels of cytoplasm
o Regional differences in original ovum cytoplasm means now different
composition of cytoplasm in resulting daughter cells
o Cytoplasmic differences affect DNA in daughter cells and cause
specific genes to turn on or off
Result is specialization of cells
Process of gradual specialization is called differentiation
Specialized cells form tissues of the body
Body fluid distribution
o Cells surrounded by extracellular fluid
Watery medium surrounding cells
Called interstitial fluid (interstitium, something standing
between) in most tissues
o Fluid inside cell is intracellular fluid or cytoplasm
o Cell plasma membrane separates intracellular from extracellular fluid
Basic cell structure
o Surrounded by a plasma membrane
o Contains cytoplasm
Material of varying consistency found between cell membrane
and nuclear membrane
Subdivided into:
, o Cytosol (intracellular fluid) – the fluid part of cytoplasm
o Organelles (<little organs=) – intracellular structures with
specific functions
Organelles
o Divided into membranous and nonmembranous
o Nonmembranous
Not completely enclosed by membranes
In direct contact with cytosol
Examples:
o Cytoskeleton
o Microvilli
o Centrioles
o Cilia
o Ribosomes
o Membranous
Enclosed in a phospholipid membrane
Isolated from cytosol
Examples:
o Mitochondria
o Nucleus
o Endoplasmic reticulum
o Golgi apparatus
o Lysosomes
o Peroxisomes
o Peroxisome
STRUCTURE:
o Vesicles containing degradative enzymes
FUNCTION:
o Break down organic compounds
o Neutralize toxic compounds
o Lysosome
STRUCTURE:
o Vesicles containing digestive enzymes
FUNCTION:
o Break down organic compounds and damaged
organelles or pathogens
o Microvilli
STRUCTURE:
o Membrane extensions containing microfilaments
FUNCTION:
o Increase surface area for absorption
o Golgi apparatus
STRUCTURE:
o Stacks of flattened membranes (cisternae) containing
chambers
FUNCTION:
, o Store, alter, and package synthesized products
o Nucleus
STRUCTURE:
o Fluid nucleoplasm containing enzymes, proteins, DNA,
and nucleotides
o Surrounded by double membrane called nuclear
envelope
FUNCTION:
o Controls metabolism
o Stores and processes genetic information
o Controls protein synthesis
o Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
STRUCTURE:
o Network of membranous sheets and channels
FUNCTION:
o Synthesizes secretory products; stores and transports
within cell; detoxifies drugs and toxins
o Smooth ER
No attached ribosomes
Synthesizes lipids and carbohydrates
o Rough ER
Attached ribosomes
Modifies/packages newly synthesized proteins
o Ribosomes
STRUCTURE: RNA and proteins
o Fixed: attached to endoplasmic reticulum
o Free: scattered in cytoplasm
FUNCTION:
o Synthesize proteins
o Mitochondrion
STRUCTURE:
o Double membrane
o Inner membrane contains metabolic enzymes
FUNCTION:
o Produces 95 percent of cellular ATP
o Cytoskeleton
STRUCTURE:
o Proteins organized into fine filaments or tubes
o Centrosome
Organizing center containing pair of centrioles
FUNCTION:
o Strengthens and supports cell
o Moves cellular structures and materials within the cell
Plasma Membrane
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