Exam-(RRD #1 & 2) Alterations in Intracellular Functions,
Fluid and Solute Balance, Acid / Base Balance
What are four cellular-level disruptions that lead to a decrease in ATP? Correct Ans-
hypoxia, nutritional problems, changes in the balance of electrolytes, other solutes, and acid /
base balance, and changes in fluid distribution.
What are two main sequela from hypoxia? Correct Ans-When you are hypoxic, you are
using only anerobic glycolysis for energy. This causes: 1.) deficiency of ATP for cellular
functions (only 2 ATP are created) and 2. acidosis - an altered acid / base balance due to the
accumulation of pyruvic acic.
What is the normal
pH range of the blood? Correct Ans-7.35 - 7.45. The byproducts of the body's normal
metabolic activities are slightly more acidic than alkaline. To counteract that tendency, the
body likes to keep a very narrow and slightly alkaline pH range in the blood. Know this fact
"now and forever".
Two key nutritional needs of cells Correct Ans-glucose (begins the cellular metabolic
pathway that leads to ATP formation) and vitamins and other substances (which form the
support staff for the metabolic pathway).
, Exam-(RRD #1 & 2) Alterations in Intracellular Functions,
Fluid and Solute Balance, Acid / Base Balance
What are the two functions of insulin? Correct Ans-1.) to bring glucose from the blood to
the cells where it is used to create energy.
2.) to store excess glucose in the liver and skeletal muscles as glycogen.
What is glycogen? Correct Ans-Excess glucose that you eat, but don't need for immediate
energy, is created and stored as glycogen in the liver and skeletal muscles for later use.
What is glycogenesis? Correct Ans-The process of changing un-needed glucose into
glycogen.
What is hypoglycemia? Correct Ans-A state of low blood sugar. It typically exists when you
don't eat and the availability of glucose in your blood is less than what your cells' energy
needs are.
What counterregulatory hormones are released or triggered when you are hypoglycemic?
Correct Ans-epinephrine, cortisol, growth hormone, glucagon. All of these have certain
functions...which in the end prompt you to eat.
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