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GMS6401 Final Exam Questions And Accurate Answers
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GMS6401 Final Exam Questions And AccurateAnswers 2024-2025
what is the major/primary role of the kidney
to maintain homeostasis
what does the kidney excrete
waste products like urea
drugs
what does the kidney produce
-glucose-for emergency
-ammonia
-bicarbonate
-arginine-an amino acid
-renin-an enzyme
-erythropoietin-hormone
-1-25 (OH)2-form of vitamin d-hormone-essential for mineral metabolism
what is the role of renin
it plays a significant role in the sodium balance
what is the role of erythropoietin
acts on the bone marrow to facilitate the release of RBCs
how many kidneys are there are what lies on top of them
-2
-adrenal gland
what is the kidneys location in the abdominal cavity
retroperitoneal (means at back of cavity)
and encased in fat (stabilizes the kidney)
,where do the kidneys receive blood from
the abdominal aorta to renal artery
where do kidneys send blood to
through the renal vein to the vena cava
how many lobes make up the kidneys
10-12
what is the outer part of the kidney called
a. the cortex
What is the inner part of the kidney called
The medulla
Once the urine has left the medulla, what does it pass through
The minor and major calyces
What is the term meaning voluntary removal of the urine from the body
Micturition
what type cells compose the kidney tubules
Epithelial
What two major sets of structures comprise the kidneys
-Tubules
-Blood vessels
what are the names of the successive branches that come off the renal artery into the
kidney
-segmental arteries
-interlobar arteries (surround each lobe in kidney)
-arcuate arteries (between medulla and cortex)
-interlobular arteries (aka cortical radial)
what is the first resistant site in the kidney
the interlobular/cortical radial arteries
,what kinds of arteries come off the cortical radial arteries
afferent arterioles (go into glomerulus)
glomerular capillaries
efferent arterioles (go away from glomerulus)
where are the peritubular capillaries located
-completely in the cortex
-wrap around proximal and distal tubules
Where are all glomeruli found
in the cortex
Where are the resistance vessels for the glomerular capillaries found
before and after it
What are the two types of Glomeruli
-cortical (90%, outer 2/3 of cortex)
-juxtamedullary (10%, inner 1/3rd of cortex)
What does a Nephron consists of
Glomerulus and tubule
What is the function of the vasa recta
-to make a concentrated and dilute urine
what is the most significant process happening in the tubule alteration of the filtrate what
structures comprise the renal corpuscle -glomerular capillary -perittubular capillary
surrounding epithelium -bowman's capsule is there smooth muscle cells in the walls of
the glomerular capillaries no name cell type only in the glomerulus -mesangial cells -does
contractile function -in middle of the glomerulus which cell types make up each
glomerular capillary -endothelial cells, on basement membrane
What is the name given to the specialized epithelial cells of the glomerulus? podocytes
What is the inner medulla also known as? The papilla Where in the kidney is the proximal
convoluted tubule found? Completely within the cortex Which part of the kidney tubule
passes through both cortex and outer medulla? Thick ascending loop of Henle Which
part of the kidney tubule passes through cortex, inner medulla and outer medulla? The
collecting duct
what is the composition of the distal nephron
, -distal collecting tubule
-collecting duct
what is the macula densa
-the point where thick ascending loop of henle comes into contact with the afferent
arteriole as it becomes the collecting duct
-a site of communication
-between tubule and blood vessel supply
what type of glomeruli have long/ thin loops of henle
-glomeruli of inner cortex/juxtamedullary nephrons
-are also larger and possess higher GFR
what is the juxtglomerular apparatus (JGA)
-macula densa + extraglomerular mesangium + terminal portion of afferent arteriole
- allows tubules to communicate with the blood vessels that supply it
where in the kidney are the granular cells
in the afferent arteriole
make renin
where are the Na, K ATPases in the renal tubular cells
-only on outside/peritubular surface
-this allows for unilateral movement of Na from lumen to peritubular capillaries to be put
into blood
is most of the sodium that goes through the kidney filtered or reabsorbed
reabsorbed
what is the purpose of the brush border in the proximal tubule
to increase the surface area
what parts of the tubule have lots of mitochondria
-proximal tubule
-thick ascending limb
-distal convoluted tubule
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