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Exam-NURS 5315 Advanced Pathophysiology Test 1 Questions & Answers
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Exam-NURS 5315 Advanced Pathophysiology Test 1Questions & Answers
Ovarian cancer site of metastasis? Correct-Peritoneal surfaces, omentum (fold of
peritoneum connecting the stomach with other abdominal organs), *liver*
The increased NADH/NAD+ ratio in the liver from ethanol causes: Correct-1. Pyruvate -->
lactic acid, causing lactic acidosis
2. Oxaloacetate --> malate. This prevents gluconeogenesis and leads to hypoglycemia
3. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate --> glycerol 3- phosphate and combines with fatty acids to
form triglycerides in the liver, known as hepatosteatosis
4. Decreases citric acid cycle production of NADH and leads to using Acetyl-CoA for
ketogenesis and lipogenesis
What can Reactive Oxygen Species cause? Correct-Heart disease, Alzheimers, Parkinsons,
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), CV disease, HTN, HLD, DM, ischemic heart disease, HF,
OSA. Lipid perioxidation, damage proteins, fragment DNA, less *protein synthesis*, chromatin
destruction, damage mitochondria
What is the body's defense against ROS? Correct-Antioxidants (Vitamin E, Vitamin C,
cysteine, glutathione, albumin, ceruloplasmin, transferrin)
, Exam-NURS 5315 Advanced Pathophysiology Test 1
Questions & Answers
How are free radicals produced? Correct-1. Normal cellular respiration
2. Absorption of extreme energy sources (radiation, UV light)
3. Metabolism of exogenous chemicals, drugs, and pesticides
4. Transition of metals
5. Nitric oxide acting like a chemical mediator and a free radical
action potential Correct-Process of conducting an impulse. Activates the neuron --> the
neuron depolarizes --> then repolarizes
Threshold potential Correct-Point at which depolarization must reach in order to initiate
an action potential
Hypokalemia and action potentials Correct-HYPERpolarized (more negative, ex. -100). Less
excitable. Decreased neuromuscular excitability: weakness, smooth muscle atony,
paresthesia, cardiac dysrhythmias
, Exam-NURS 5315 Advanced Pathophysiology Test 1
Questions & Answers
Hyperkalemia and action potentials Correct-HYPOpolarized (more positive, ex: closer to 0).
More excitable. Peaked T waves.
When resting membrane potential=threshold potential, it is BAD = cardiac standstill,
paresthesia, paralysis
Hypocalcemia and action potentials Correct-Increased permeability to Na+. More
excitable. Tetany, hyperreflexia, circumoral paresthesia, seizures, dysrhythmias.
Hypercalcemia and action potentials Correct-Decreased permeability to Na+. Less
excitable. Weakness, hyporeflexia, fatigue, lethargy, confusion, encephalopathy, depressed T
waves
Atrophy Correct-Occurs as a result of decrease in work load, pressure, use, blood supply,
nutrition, hormonal stimulation, or nervous stimulation. Once the cell has decreased in size, it
has now compensated for decreased blood supply, nerve supply, nutrient supply, hormonal
supply, and has achieved new homeostasis. Cells are alive but have diminished function and
may lead to cellular death.
, Exam-NURS 5315 Advanced Pathophysiology Test 1
Questions & Answers
Atrophy examples Correct-Physiologic atrophy- shrinking of the thymus gland during
childhood.
Disuse atrophy- someone that ends up being paralyzed
Hypertrophy Correct-Increase in SIZE of cells, which will lead to increase in size of organ.
Caused by hormonal stimulation or increased functional demand.
Hypertrophy examples Correct-physiologic hypertrophy- skeletal hypertrophy when a
person does heavy work or weight lifting / when a kidney is surgically removed, the other
kidney increases in size
pathologic hypertrophy- cardiomegaly results from an increased workload in hypertensive
patients / *left ventricular hypertrophy*
Hyperplasia Correct-Increase in NUMBER of cells. Results from increased rate of mitosis.
Can ONLY happen in cells that are capable of mitosis (cell division).
Hyperplasia examples Correct-1. Thickening of skin because of hyperplasia of epidermal
cells.
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