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Exam 1- Advanced Patho NURS 5315 Questions with Complete Solutions
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Exam 1- Advanced Patho NURS 5315 Questions withComplete Solutions
action potential Correct-The process by which excitable cells transmit information from
one to another.
How is the action potential altered by a potassium imbalance? (Hyperkalemia) Correct-The
ECF has more K+ ions. The membrane potential becomes more positive (hypopolarized).
Cells become MORE excitable.
T waves peak.
QRS complexes widen.
Causes dysrhythmias, weakness, paresthesia.
{If membrane potential becomes equal to threshold potential cardiac standstill occurs}
How is the action potential altered by a potassium imbalance? (Hypokalemia) Correct-The
ECF has less K+ ions. The membrane potential becomes more negative or hyper-polarized.
The cell becomes less excitable, depolarization takes longer, and takes a stronger stimulus.
Causes weakness, atony, cardiac dystrhythmias.
, Exam 1- Advanced Patho NURS 5315 Questions with
Complete Solutions
How is the action potential altered by a calcium imbalance? (hypercalemia) Correct-
Increase in ECF calcium to >10.5 mg/dL. It decreases the cell permeability to calcium.
The cell becomes hyperpolarized (the distance between membrane potential and threshold
potential widens).
The cell is less excitable and take more stimulus to depolarize.
Causes: weakness, hyporeflexia, lethargy, confusion, shortened QT wave, depressed T wave.
How is the action potential altered by a calcium imbalance? (hypocalemia) Correct-
Decreased ECF calcium <9.0 mg/dL. <5.5 ionized.
Increases the cell permeability to Na+. Resting membrane potential gets hypo-polarized.
Cells become excitable and threshold and membrane potential get closer.
Causes: tetany, hyperreflexia, parathesias, seizures, dysrhythmias.
Atrophy Correct-Catabolism of intracellular organelles causing a reduction in the
intracellular contents.
The cell shrinks
-The thymus gland shrinks in childhood
, Exam 1- Advanced Patho NURS 5315 Questions with
Complete Solutions
-Disuse atrophy
hypertrophy Correct-Hormonal stimulation in response to increased demand than causes
an increase in cellular protien.
The cell gets larger - eventually causing the whole organ to get larger.
-Skeletal muscle hypertrophy in the weight lifter.
-Cardiomegaly in response to hypertensive heart disease.
Hyperplasia Correct-Increase in the number of growth factor cell receptors that activate
cellular proliferation. Only happens in cell capable of mitosis.
-Increased number of cells.
-Uterine and mammary glands in pregnancy.
-Increased production of endometrial cells due to estrogen/progesterone imbalance.
Dysplasia Correct-abnormal changes in cell size, shape or organization in response to cell
injury or irritation.
Not a true adaptive process.
, Exam 1- Advanced Patho NURS 5315 Questions with
Complete Solutions
-Cervical dysplasia.
Metaplasia Correct-Mature cell type is replaced by a different mature cell type.
-Reversible, but can induce metestatic change.
-Result of chronic stressor to the cell.
-Chronic smokers who loose normal ciliated epithelial cells (columnar) and the cells are
replaced with squamous cells.
-Barrett's esophagus: Normal esophogeal epithelial cells are replaced with columnar type
cells that are more like the intestine to withstand the acidity of reflux.
hypoxic injury Correct-Most common type of cellular injury. Caused by lack of oxygen, loss
of hemoglobin, decrease in RBC production, cardiopulmonary disease, ischemia and
inflammation. Causes mitochondrial disfunction ↓ decreased ATP production, ↑ anaerobic
metabolism, metabolism ceases, cell dies.
-Ischemia progresses to hypoxia. Causes intracellular enzymes to show up in labs.
-Creatinine kinase - indicates muscle injury.
-LDH - muscle, liver, lungs, heart, RBCs and brain.
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