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exam board summary culture MT for English written
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SCHOOLJAAR 2024-2025ENGELS MT CULTUUR
3ASO ENGELS S
LORE VERMEERSCH
EXAMENCOMMISSI
,Language and communication
Communication model
Zender Sender
Ruis Noice
Medium Medium
Boodschap Message
Ontvanger Receiver
Grice’s Maxims
1. Maxim of quantity : provide the right amount of information , not too
much, not too little and ask questions.
2. Maxim of quality : speak truthfully and have enough evidence for
your statements.
3. Maxim of relevance: when a speaker goes off-topic to talk about
something irrelevant , redirect them back to the original subject.
4. Maxim of manner : be clear , if someone speaks confusing ask
clarification.
Quantity : if somebody gives a brief response ask for questions.
Quality : when a claim seems doubtful, ask for proof.
Relevance : redirect a conversation back to the topic.
Manner : request clarification if a message is unclear.
Aspects of communication
1. Content aspect : focusses on the message and the information being
shared
2. Expressive aspect : refers to the tone, style and emotional delivery
of the message.
3. Relational aspect : concerns the way the speaker views their
relationship with the listener.
Verbal communication = involves the spoken or written words used to
convey the message.
1
,Non-verbal communication = involves the body language, facial
expressions , posture etc.
Different types of communication
Interpersonal Communication: communication between people in
direct conversation.
Examples:
- Small talk: Casual chats, like talking about the weather.
- Formal conversation: A business meeting or job interview.
- Discussion: Sharing ideas, like debating a topic.
- Interview: Questions and answers, like a journalist interviewing
someone.
Tools in interaction (e.g. summary, interpretation, paraphrase,
translation...)
Types of arguments (e.g. fallacies like circular reasoning or
generalization, argument based on authority...)
Intergroup Communication: Communication between different
groups, where language and style change based on the group.
Examples:
- Sociolect and jargon: Special words used by certain groups, like doctors
using medical terms.
- Gender differences :Men and women sometimes speak differently, with
men being more direct and women more collaborative.
Mass Communication: Sending information to large audiences
through media like TV, radio, or the internet.
Examples:
- Prehistoric art :Early drawings on cave walls.
- Pamphlets: Flyers with political messages.
- Television: News or entertainment shows.
- Internet :Websites, social media, and online videos.
2
,Characteristics:
- One-way: From the sender to the audience, like TV shows.
- Objective vs. subjective: Neutral news vs. opinion pieces.
- Propaganda :Spreading ideas to influence people.
- Manipulation: Media designed to change opinions, like ads.
Functions:
- Informative: News and documentaries.
- Political: Campaign ads.
- Commercial: Ads for products or services.
3
,Language and culture
The Hofstede’s Dimensions
Hofstede's dimensions represent ways to understand how cultures differ in
their values and behaviour’s. They help explain how people in different
countries or societies think, interact, and make decisions.
1. Power Distance: This shows how much a culture accepts unequal
power between people. In high power distance cultures, people are okay
with hierarchy, while in low power distance cultures, equality is preferred.
It’s all about the relationship between for example the bosses and their
workers.
2. Individualism vs. Collectivism: This dimension explains if people care
more about their own needs (individualism) or the needs of the group
(collectivism). Individualistic societies focus on independence, while
collectivist societies emphasize teamwork and loyalty to the group. For
example in China people are more individual but in the countries in Africa
they are more focussed on the group they are in.
3. Masculinity vs. Femininity: Cultures high in masculinity value
competition and achievement, while feminine cultures prioritize care,
relationships, and life balance.
4. Uncertainty Avoidance: This shows how comfortable a culture is with
uncertainty and change. Cultures with high uncertainty avoidance prefer
stability and clear rules, while low uncertainty avoidance cultures are more
flexible and open to new ideas. It’s all about religions and traditions and
how important they are to the citizens .
5. Long-term vs. Short-term Orientation: Long-term cultures plan for
the future and value hard work over time. Short-term cultures focus on
traditions and getting quick results. In China everybody’s life is planned for
10 years ahead.
6.Indulgence vs. Restraint: Indulgent cultures allow people to enjoy life
and express themselves freely, while restrained cultures control desires
and regulate behaviour more strictly. It’s all about how much you can
express your emotions.
4
, The bennet Scale of Milton Bennet
The Bennett Scale, also known as the Developmental Model of
Intercultural Sensitivity (DMIS), was developed by Dr. Milton Bennett.
It is a framework used to explain how people experience and engage
with cultural differences. The scale is useful in training, education, and
personal development to enhance cross-cultural understanding and
competence. It describes how individuals move from a more ethnocentric
view (where one's own culture is seen as central) to an ethnorelative view
(where different cultures are seen as relative and valid).
1. Ethnocentric Stages:
In these stages, individuals see their own culture as the norm and may
view other cultures as inferior or strange. The focus is on one's own
culture, and differences are often seen as negative.
Denial of Difference:
People in this stage don't recognize cultural differences. They may believe
that everyone is basically the same or that their own culture is the only
"correct" one. Exposure to other cultures is often minimal, and individuals
might ignore or dismiss the existence of diversity.
Example: "I don't see any differences between people, we all are the
same."
Defense against Difference:
In this stage, individuals recognize cultural differences but view them
negatively. They might see their own culture as superior and other cultures
as a threat or inferior. Defense may manifest as feelings of superiority or
even hostility towards other cultures.
Example: "Our way of doing things is much better than theirs."
Minimization of Difference:
5
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