Notes de cours
Biol 1106 Unit 1.2, 4.1-4.3 Notes
- Cours
- BIOL 1107
- Établissement
- University Of Georgia
This is a comprehensive and detailed note that covers 1.2, 4.1-4.3 for Biol 1107. *Essential Study material!!
[Montrer plus]
Aperçu du contenu
1.2 Themes and Concepts of Biology● Viruses can attack living organisms, cause diseases, and even reproduce
○ They still do not meet the criteria that biologists use to define life
Properties of Life
● All living organisms share several key characteristics or functions
○ Order
○ Sensitivity or response to the environment
○ Reproduction
○ Adaptation
○ Growth and development
○ Regulation
○ Homeostasis
○ Energy processing
○ Evolution
● Organisms are highly organized, coordinated structures that consist of one or more cells
○ Even simple single-celled organisms are remarkably complex
● Atoms make up molecules, molecules make up cell organelles or form tissues, tissues
form organs, and organs work together to form organ systems
Reproduction
● Single celled organisms reproduce by first duplicating their DNA, and then dividing it
equally as the cell prepares to divide to form two new cells
● Multicellular organisms often produce specialized reproductive germline cells that will
form new individuals
○ When reproduction occurs, genes containing DNA are passed along to an
organism’s offspring
○ These genes ensure that the offspring will belong to the same species and will
have similar characteristics (size and shape)
Growth and Development
● Organisms grow and develop following specific instructions coded for by their genes
● These genes provide instructions that will direct cellular growth and development
Regulation
● Even the smallest organisms are complex and require multiple regulatory mechanisms
to coordinate internal functions, respond to stimuli, and cope with environmental stress
○ Two examples of internal functions regulated in an organism
■ Nutrient transport
■ Blood flow
Homeostasis
● In order to function properly, cells need to have appropriate conditions such as proper
temperature, pH, and appropriate concentration of diverse chemicals
○ These conditions may change from one moment to the next
● Homeostasis- the ability of an organism to maintain constant internal conditions
Energy Processing
● All organisms use a source of energy for their metabolic activities
○ Some organisms capture energy from the sun and convert it into chemical
, energy in food
○ Others use chemical energy in molecules they take in as food
Levels of Organization of Living Things
● Living things are highly organized and structured, following a hierarchy that can be
examined on a scale from small to large
○ atom→ molecules→ organelles+tissues→ organs→ organ system→
organisms→ population→ community→ ecosystem→ biosphere
● Atom- the smallest and most fundamental unit of matter
○ Consists of a nucleus surrounded by electrons
● Molecule- a chemical structure consisting of at least two atoms held together by one or
more chemical bonds
○ Many molecules that are biological important are macromolecules- large
molecules that are typically formed by polymerization
■ A polymer is a large molecule that is made by combining smaller units
called monomers, which are simpler than macromolecules
○ Example of a macromolecule: DNA
● Some cells contain aggregates of macromolecules surrounded by membranes-
organelles
○ Organelles are small structures that exist within cells
○ Example: mitochondria and chloroplasts
● Cell- smallest fundamental unit of structure and function in living organisms
● Prokaryotes- single celled or colonial organisms that do not have membrane bound
nuclei
● Eukaryotes- have membrane bound organelles and a membrane bound nucleus
● In larger organisms, cells combine to form tissues- groups of smaller cells carrying out
similar or related functions
● Organs- collections of tissues grouped together performing a common function
● Organ system- a higher level or organization that consists of functionally related organs
● Organisms- individual living entities
● Population- a species living within a specific area
○ A forest may include many pine trees- the trees represent the population of pine
trees in the forest
● Community- the sum of populations inhabiting a particular area
○ All of the trees, flowers, insects, and other populations in a forest form the
forest’s community
○ The forest itself is an ecosystem
● Ecosystem- consists of all the living things in a particular area together with the abiotic,
non living parts of that environment
○ Ex: nitrogen in soil or rain water
● Biosphere- collection of all ecosystems
○ Represents the zones of life on earth
The Diversity of Life
● Evolution- the process of gradual change during which new species arise from older
species
Les avantages d'acheter des résumés chez Stuvia:
Qualité garantie par les avis des clients
Les clients de Stuvia ont évalués plus de 700 000 résumés. C'est comme ça que vous savez que vous achetez les meilleurs documents.
L’achat facile et rapide
Vous pouvez payer rapidement avec iDeal, carte de crédit ou Stuvia-crédit pour les résumés. Il n'y a pas d'adhésion nécessaire.
Focus sur l’essentiel
Vos camarades écrivent eux-mêmes les notes d’étude, c’est pourquoi les documents sont toujours fiables et à jour. Cela garantit que vous arrivez rapidement au coeur du matériel.
Foire aux questions
Qu'est-ce que j'obtiens en achetant ce document ?
Vous obtenez un PDF, disponible immédiatement après votre achat. Le document acheté est accessible à tout moment, n'importe où et indéfiniment via votre profil.
Garantie de remboursement : comment ça marche ?
Notre garantie de satisfaction garantit que vous trouverez toujours un document d'étude qui vous convient. Vous remplissez un formulaire et notre équipe du service client s'occupe du reste.
Auprès de qui est-ce que j'achète ce résumé ?
Stuvia est une place de marché. Alors, vous n'achetez donc pas ce document chez nous, mais auprès du vendeur anyiamgeorge19. Stuvia facilite les paiements au vendeur.
Est-ce que j'aurai un abonnement?
Non, vous n'achetez ce résumé que pour $10.99. Vous n'êtes lié à rien après votre achat.
Peut-on faire confiance à Stuvia ?
4.6 étoiles sur Google & Trustpilot (+1000 avis)
53340 résumés ont été vendus ces 30 derniers jours
Fondée en 2010, la référence pour acheter des résumés depuis déjà 14 ans
