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NR507 Final Exam 2024
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NR507 Final Exam 2024
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NR507 Final Exam 2024 / NR 507 Week 8 ExamAdvanced Pathophysiology Expected Questions and
Answers
aleolar ventilation perfusion - ANSWER The volume of gas expired from alveoli to
the outside of the body permanent
pityriasis rosea - ANSWER A common skin problem that causes a rash. Occurs at
any age that most often in ages of 10 and 35. It may be caused by a virus
pityriasis rosea observation - ANSWER The rash often begins with a single, round
or oval, pink patch that is scaly with a raised border (herald patch). The size of the
patch ranges from 2 cm (0.8 in.) to 10 cm (3.9 in.). The larger patches are more
common. Days to weeks later, salmon-colored, 1 cm (0.4 in.) to 2 cm (0.8 in.) oval
patches appear in batches on the abdomen, chest, back, arms, and legs. Patches
sometimes spread to the neck but rarely to the face.
Patches on the back are often vertical and angled to form a "Christmas tree" or "fir
tree" appearance.
Mild itching is a problem for about half of the people who get the rash.
The rash usually lasts 6 to 8 weeks, but it can last up to several months.
pityriasis rosea diagnosis - ANSWER Your doctor will diagnose pityriasis rosea by
looking at the rash. Diagnosis can be hard when only the herald patch is visible,
because the condition is often mistaken for ringworm or eczema at this time. After
the rash appears, diagnosis is generally clear.
If the diagnosis is unclear, your doctor may do a potassium hydroxide (KOH) test to
make sure the rash is not caused by a fungal infection. A skin sample may be taken
from the infected area and examined under the microscope (biopsy). If the diagnosis
is unclear in a sexually active person, a test for syphilis is often done.
pityriasis rosea treatment - ANSWER There is no treatment necessary. It will last
for several weeks. The patient may use lotions. A corticosteroid may be used to
relieve itching and reduce the rash
Innate immunity - ANSWER The natural epithelial barrier that offers resistance. In
outer layer specialized epithelium, including the skin and mucosal services, is
relatively resistant to most environmental hazards and resistant infection with
disease causing microorganisms. If the barrier is damaged a highly efficient local
and systemic response (inflammation) is mobilized to limit the extent of the damage,
protect against infection, and initiate repair of the damaged tissue
Adaptive immunity - ANSWER Inflammation associated with infection usually
initiates an adaptive process that results in a long-term and very effective immunity
to the infecting microorganism, Adaptive immunity is relatively slow to develop but
has memory and more rapidly targets and eradicates a second infection with a
,particular disease-causing microorganism. The information presented in this chapter
introduces
Inflammatory response - ANSWER Innate immunity includes two lines of defense:
natural barriers and inflammation (Table 7-1). Natural barriers are physical,
mechanical, and biochemical barriers at the body's surfaces and are in place at birth
to prevent damage by substances in the environment and thwart infection by
pathogenic microorganisms. If the surface barriers are breached, the second line of
defense, the inflammatory response, is activated to protect the body from further
injury, prevent infection of the injured tissue, and promote healing. The inflammatory
response is a rapid activation of biochemical and cellular processes that is relatively
nonspecific, with similar responses being initiated against a wide variety of causes of
tissue damage.
Overview of human defenses - ANSWER CHARACTERISTICS BARRIERS
INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE ADAPTIVE (ACQUIRED) IMMUNITY Level of
defense
First line of defense against infection and tissue injury
Second line of defense; occurs as a response to tissue injury or infection
Third line of defense; initiated when innate immune system signals the cells of
adaptive immunity Timing of defense
Constant Immediate response
Delay between primary exposure to antigen and maximum response; immediate
against secondary exposure to antigen Specificity Broadly specific Broadly specific
Response is very specific toward "antigen" Cells Epithelial cells Mast cells,
granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils), monocytes/macrophages, natural
killer (NK) cells, platelets, endothelial cells T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes,
macrophages, dendritic cells Memory No memory involved No memory involved
Specific immunologic memory by T and B lymphocytes Peptides Defensins,
cathelicidins, collectins, lactoferrin, bacterial toxins Complement, clotting factors,
kinins Antibodies, complement Protection Protection includes anatomic barriers (i.e.,
skin and mucous membranes), cells and secretory molecules or cytokines (e.g.,
lysozymes, low pH of stomach and urine), and ciliary activity Protection includes
vascular responses, cellular components (e.g., mast cells, neutrophils,
macrophages), secretory molecules or cytokines, and activation of plasma protein
systems Protection includes activated T and B lymphocytes, cytokines, and
antibodies
Inflammatory response upon injury - ANSWER Is activated to protect the body from
further injury, prevent infection of the injured tissue, and promote healing.
Inflammatory response is a rapid activation of biochemical and cellular processes
that is relatively nonspecific with similar responses being initiated against a wide
variety of causes of tissue damage.
Types of anemia - ANSWER Normochromic, normocytic anemia
hypo chromic, microcytic
normocytic, macrocytic anemia
Normochromic, normocytic anemia (normal MCHC, normal MCV) - ANSWER
Anemias of chronic disease
, hemolytic anemias (those characterized by accelerated destruction of RBCs)
anemia of acute hemorrhage
aplastic anemias (those characterized by disappearance of RBC precursors from the
marrow)
Hypo chromic, microcytic anemia (low MCHC, below MCV) - ANSWER Iron
deficiency anemia
thalassemias
anemia of chronic diseases
Normochromic, macrocytic anemia (normal MCHC, high MCV) - ANSWER Vitamin
B12 deficiency
folate deficiency
Heartburn - ANSWER . Also called acid indigestion, heartburn is a burning pain or
discomfort that can move up from your stomach to the middle of your abdomen and
chest. The pain can also move into your throat. Despite its name, heartburn doesn't
affect your heart.
Dyspnea - ANSWER Difficult or labored breathing
Orthopnea - ANSWER Discomfort in breathing while lying down flat; common in
people with many types of heart or lung conditions such as heart failure, pulmonary
edema, sleep apnea, COPD, and heart valve disease
Complications of gastric resection surgery - ANSWER Nausea and vomiting
(usually gets better over time)
internal bleeding (which can lead to blood clots forming)
leaking from where the stomach has been closed
acid reflex (or stomach acid blinks back up into the esophagus)
macule - ANSWER Flat, distinct, discolored area of scan less than 1 cm wide. It
doesn't involve any change in the thickness or texture of the skin. Areas of
discoloration that are larger than 1 cm are referred to as patches. Commonly appear
ontheback,chest,arms or face. A birthmark may be considered immaculate that
small. May be caused by vitiligo or ultraviolet light exposure. Often called age spots
nevi - ANSWER A common pigmented skin lesion, usually developing during
adulthood
Chickenpox - ANSWER An infections disease causing a mild fever and a rash of
itchy, inflamed blisters. It is caused by the herpes zoster virus and mainly affects
children, who are afterward usually immune
Maternal immune system immune system - ANSWER The pregnant female is
exposed to a variety of potentially immunogenic foreign antigens on her allergenic
intrauterine concept us. The extent to which maternal antibodies and cell-mediated
immune responses to these antigens are relevant to the paradoxical survival of the
fetal polygraph is not clearly established. The trophoblast prevent significant entry of
maternal lymphocytes to the fetus and is most likely to protect it from maternal
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