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METHODS FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
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METHODS FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
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METHODS FINAL EXAM QUESTIONSAND ANSWERS
Rankjthejfollowingjstudiesjfromjhighestjlevelsjofjevidencejtojlowest:
-jcohortjstudiesj(observational,jlongitudinal,jcross-sectional)
-jcasejseries,jcasejreports
-jeditorials,jexpertjopinion
-jsystematicjreviews
-jrandomizedjcontrolledjtrialsj(RCT:jparallel,jcrossover)
-jcase-controljstudiesj-jans--✔✔1.jSystematicjreviews
2.jRandomizedjcontrolledjtrialsj(RCT:jparallel,jcrossover)
3.jCohortjstudiesj(observational,jlongitudinal,jcross-sectional)
4.jcase-controljstudies
5.jcasejseries,jcasejreports
6.jeditorials,jexpertjopinion
Describejajcross-sectionaljstudy.jWhatjarejitsjstrengthjandjweaknesses?j-jans--✔✔-
jobservationaljstudyjwherejdatajisjcollectedjonjajstudyjpopulationjatjaj*singlejpointjinjtime*jtoj
examinejthejrelationshipjofjvariablesjofjinterest.
-
jcanjprovidejajsnapshotjofjthejfrequencyjofjsomejvariablejofjanjinterestjlikejajdiseasejinjajpop
ulationjatjajgivenjtime.
Strengths:
-jrelativelyjquickjandjeasyjtojconductj(nojlongjperiodsjofjfollow-up)
-jdatajonjalljvariablesjisjcollectedjonce
-jablejtojmeasurejprevalencejforjalljfactorsjunderjinvestigation
-jmultiplejoutcomesjandjexposuresjcanjbejstudied
-jgoodjforjdescriptivejanalysesjandjforjgeneratingjhypotheses
-jstrongerjlikelihoodjofjparticipationjasjitjisjforjajsinglejtime
Weaknesses:
-
jnotjsuitablejforjstudyingjrarejdiseases,jdiseasesjwithjajshortjduration,jorjbehaviorjoverjajperi
odjofjtime
-jdoesjnotjhelpjdeterminejcausejandjeffectj(causaljrelationships)
-jmeasuresjprevalencejratherjthanjincidence
,-jassociationsjidentifiedjmayjbejdifficultjtojinterpret
-jsusceptiblejtojbias
Describejajlongitudinaljstudy.jWhatjarejitsjstrengthjandjweaknesses?j-jans--✔✔-
jObservationaljmethodjwherejitjstudiesjajsinglejsamplejoverjextendedjperiodsjofjtime.jThisje
nablesjthejsamejindividualsjtojbejcomparedjoverjtime
Strengths:
-jusefuljforjestablishingjcausaljrelationshipsjandjforjmakingjreliablejinferences
-jestablishingjsequencejofjeventsjandjlookingjatjdevelopmentaljtrends
-
jgathersjdatajpropsectivelyjratherjthanjretrospectively,jtherebyjavoidingjrecalljbiasjorjselecti
ve/falsejmemory
-jmorejpowerfuljthanjcross-sectionaljstudies
Weaknesses:
-jtimejconsuming.jmayjhavejpeoplejdropjoutjduejtojthis
-jneedjlargejsamplejsize
-jcanjbejmorejexpensive
Describejanjobservationaljstudy.jWhatjarejitsjstrengthjandjweaknesses?j-jans--✔✔-
jtypejofjstudyjinjwhichjindividualsjarejobservedjorjcertainjoutcomesjarejmeasured
-jnojattemptjisjmadejtojaffectjthejoutcomej(nojinterventions)
-jtypesjofjthesejincludejcross-sectional,jcohort,jcase-
controljstudies,jandjlongitudinaljstudies
Strengths:
-jSimplejmethodjofjdatajcollectionjasjyoujaren'tjsettingjmuchjup
-
jAccessjtojpeoplejinjrealjlifejsituations.jDon'tjaffectjthejoutcomejmuchjasjanjexperimenterjwh
enjnojinterventionsjarejmade.j
-
jCanjbejcontrolled,jmeaningjextraneousjvariablesjarejcontrolledjsojvalidityjcanjbejincreased
-
jUsefuljforjobtainingjresearchjinjsituationsjwherejinterventionjwouldjbejunethicaljorjwherejco
-cooperationjfromjparticipantsjwouldjbejunlikely
Weaknesses:
-jSubjective
-jPeoplejmayjbehavejdifferentlyjifjthey'rejbeingjwatchedj(Hawthornejeffect)
-jTime-consumingjandjthereforejcostly.
-
jCanjbejresearcherjbiasjasjthejobserverjcanjinterpretjinformationjdifferentlyjifjmuchjisn'tjgive
njfromjthejparticipant
-jGeneralizationsjcanjlackjreliability
,Describejajcase-controljstudy.jWhatjarejitsjstrengthjandjweaknesses?j-jans--✔✔-
jObservationaljstudyjthatjretrospectivelyjcomparesjtwojgroupsjtojidentifyjpredictorsjorjvaria
blesj(suchjasjexposurejtojsomething)jthatjmayjleadjtojanjoutcomejofjinterest.
-
jParticipants jwithjthejoutcomejofjinterestj(case)jarejmatchedjagainstjparticipantsjfromjthejso
urcejpopulationjwhojdon'tjhavejthatjvariablej(control)
Strengths:
-jSimplejtojorganize
-jCanjlookjatjmanyjriskjfactors
-jUsefuljforjhypothesesjgeneration
-
jCanjbejgoodjforjrarejoutcomesjorjoutcomesjwithjajlongjdurationjbetweenjexposurej&joutco
me
-jQuickjandjcheap
-jFewjparticipantsjrequired
Weaknesses:
-jCanjonlyjevaluatejonejoutcome
-jCan'tjcalculatejincidencejorjpravalence
-jConfoundingjfactorsjarejhardjtojcontrol
-jSampling,jobservational,jandjrecalljbiasjpossible.
Describejajcohortjstudy.jWhatjarejitsjstrengthjandjweaknesses?j-jans--✔✔-
jObservationaljstudyjthatjfollowsjajgroupjofjpeoplejtojobservejifjthejdevelopmentjofjanjoutco
mejofjinterestjdiffersjbetweenjgroupsjwithjdifferentjexposuresjtojriskjfactors
-jcanjbejprospectivejorjretrospective
Strengths:
-jbestjforjestimatingjthejincidencejandjnaturaljhistoryjofjajconditionj
-
jlongitudinaljonesjcanjallowjassessmentjofjtemporaljrelationshipsjandjthusjinferencesjaboutj
causality
-jmultiplejoutcomejvariablesjcanjbejmeasured
-jifjusingjretrospective,jcanjbejcheaperjbecausejthejdatajhasjalreadyjbeenjcollected
j
Weaknesses:
-jexpensive,jtime-consumingjtojsetjupjandjmaintain
-jlossjtojfollow-upjorjsubjectsjdroppingjfromjthejstudyjpossible
-jinefficientjforjrarejoutcomesjorjonesjthatjhavejajlongjlatentjperiod
Describejajrandomizedjcontroljtrial.jWhatjarejitsjstrengthjandjweaknesses?j-jans--✔✔-
jExperimentaljstudyjinjwhichjparticipantsjarejrandomlyjplacedjintojgroupsjwhichjreceivejdiffe
rentjinterventionsj(orjpossiblyjnonejinjajcontroljgroup),jbutjalljotherjvariablesjarejstandardize
d.
-jthej"goldjstandard"jforjmedicaljresearch.jpreferredjforjefficacyjofjnewjinterventions
, Advantages:
-jbestjmethodjforjevaluatingjefficacy
-jrandomizationjavoidsjconfoundingjandjmanyjbiasesjsuchjasjselectionjbiasj
-jbiasjminimizedjbyjblindingjorjdouble-blinding
-jhighjinternaljvalidity
-jexplainsjcausejandjeffect,jdrawjcausality
-jcanjmeasurejdiseasejincidencejandjmultiplejoutcomes
Disadvantages:
-jdifficult,jtimejconsuming,jandjexpensive
-jcanjbejsomejethicaljrestrictions
-jstrictjinclusion/exclusionjcriteriajtojhavejsimilarjsubjectsj
-jgeneralizabilityjcanjsometimesjbejdifficultjduejtojrigidjcontrolj(volunteerjbiasesj-
jthosejparticipatingjmayjnotjbejrepresentativejofjthejwhole)
Describejthejfollowingjresearchjdesignjterms:
-jdouble-blind
-jcross-over
-jplacebo-controlled
-jrandomizationj-jans--✔✔Double-
blind:jwhenjbothjthejinvestigatorsjandjthejparticipantjarejunawarejofjthejgroupj(experimenta
ljorjcontrol)jeachjparticipantjisjplacedjinjandjwhatjtreatmentjthejparticipantjwilljbejtreatingj(ifj
manyjtypes).
Cross-
over:jWhenjajsubjectjreceivesjmanyjdifferentjinterventionsjthroughoutjthejcoursejofjthejtrail.j
Thejpatientj"crossesjover"jfromjonejinterventionjorjtreatmentjtojanother.jPatientsjusuallyjthe
reforejservejasjtheirjownjcontroljgroup.
Placebo-
controlled:jAjcontroljgroupjreceivesjajshamj"placebo"jtreatmentjwhichjisjspecificallyjdesigne
djtojhavejnojrealjeffectjlikejajsugarjpill.jThisjgroupjisjcomparedjtojexperimentaljgroups.
Randomization:jAjmethodjbasedjonjchancejalonejbyjwhichjstudyjparticipantsjarejassignedjt
ojthejcontroljorjexperimentaljgroupj(andjthejvariousjexperimentaljgroupsjwithjdifferentjinterv
entions/treatmentsjifjtherejarejmorejthanjone).
Thesejcanjhelpjpreventjbiases.
Describejwhatjitjmeansjforjtwojvariablesjtojbejcorrelated.jWhatjisjajpositivejcorrelation?
jNegative?j-jans--✔✔-
jCorrelationjrefersjtojwhetherjandjhowjstronglyjtwojvariablesjarejrelated.
-jRangejfromj-1jtoj+1.jStrongerjandjbetterjrelationshipsjseenjcloserjtoj1.
-jCorrelationjofj0.00jorjclosejtojitjmeansjnojrelationshipj(poorjreliabilityjandjvalidity)
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