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Biology 160 Final Exam With Questions And Correct Answers Latest Version
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Biology 160 Final Exam With Questions And Correct Answers Latest Version
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Biology 160 Final Exam With Questions AndCorrect Answers Latest Version
two components of the cell theory Answer: 1. all organisms are made of cells (pattern)
2. all cells come from preexisting cells (process)
ionic bond Answer: electrons are transferred from one atom to another; resulting attraction
between oppositely charged ions
covalent bond Answer: each atom's unpaired valence electrons are shared by both nuclei to fill their
orbitals
polar bond (covalent) Answer: a pair of electrons is unequally shared between two atoms
nonpolar bond (covalent) Answer: a pair of electrons is shared equally between two atoms
properties of water Answer: -cohesion
-adhesion
-denser as a liquid than a solid
-able to absorb large amount of energy resulting in high specific heat and high heat of vaporization
cohesion Answer: binding between like molecules resulting in high surface tension
adhesion Answer: binding between unlike molecules; binding to plastic or epithelial surfaces
2024
,nonpolar side chains Answer: no charged/electronegative atoms to form hydrogen bonds
polar side chains Answer: partial charges can form hydrogen bonds
electronically charged side chains Answer: charged side chains can form ionic and hydrogen bonds;
Acidic (--COO) loses/donates electron; Basic (--NH) gains/accepts electron
primary level of structure in proteins Answer: unique sequence of amino acids (20 types of amino
acids available)
secondary level of structure in proteins Answer: formed by hydrogen bonds which occur between
the carbonyl group of one amino acid and the amino group of another; alpha and beta sheets
tertiary level of structure in proteins Answer: results from interactions between R-groups or
between R-groups and the peptide backbone (may cause backbone to bend and fold leading to a three
dimensional shape)
quaternary level of structure in proteins Answer: the bonding of two or more distinct polypeptide
subunits
structure of a nucleic acid Answer: phosphate group
5 carbon sugar
nitrogenous base
anti-parallel structure and complementary base pairing Answer: -one strand runs 5' to 3' and the
other runs 3' to 5'
-purines pair with pyrimidines by hydrogen bonding
-Adenine-Thymine (DNA)
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, -Adenine-Uracil (RNA)
-Guanine-Cytosine
names of nitrogenous bases Answer: Purines
--Adenine, Guanine
Pyrimidines
--Cytosine, Uracil, Thymine
geometry of α and β glycosidic linkages Answer: -both are 1,4 glycosidic linkages between the C-1
and C-4 carbons
-the difference between the two is due to the contrasting orientations of the C-1 hydroxyls--in the beta
linkage, one of the glucose molecules must flip in order to form the bond
-Alpha: same orientation between the 2 hydroxyl groups
or
-Beta: different orientation between the 2 hydroxyl groups
major functions of carbohydrates Answer: -serve as precursors to large molecule
-provide fibrous structural materials
-indicate cell identity
-store chemical energy
3 kinds of lipids Answer: fats
steroids
phospholipids
structure of fats Answer: 3 fatty acids linked to a 3 carbon molecule (glycerol)
2024
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