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LIGUORI TEST QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
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LIGUORI TEST QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS2024-2025
cell - ANSWER the basic unit of structure and function in living things, the focus
of this chapter
prokaryotic cell - ANSWER a cell that does not have any organelles, the DNA
floats around within the cell. the cell has one membrane only, the cell membrane.
bacteria and archaea are this.
eukaryotic cell - ANSWER cell with a nucleus which contains the DNA, and also
with other membrane-bound organelles. these cells make up multicellular
organisms like you, me, your pets, plants in your yard, etc.
endoplasmic reticulum (ER) - ANSWER An extensive network of membrane tubes
and membrane sacs in eukaryotic cells, continuous with the outer nuclear
membrane and composed of ribosome-studded (rough) and ribosome-free (smooth)
regions.
rough ER - ANSWER A network of interconnected membranous sacs in a
eukaryotic cell's cytoplasm; covered with ribosomes that make membrane proteins
and secretory proteins. These ribosomes, 'bound ribosomes', produce secretory
proteins which must be shipped outside of the cell.
smooth ER - ANSWER Portion of the endoplasmic reticulum that is free of
ribosomes. Active in many functions such as detoxification of poisons and harmful
substances and the synthesis of the lipids which make up membrane.
Golgi apparatus - ANSWER stack of membranes (cisternae) in the cell that
modifies (by adding certain other things like carbs), sorts, packages (in vesicles),
and ships proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum
vesicle - ANSWER sac of membrane which macromolecules are packaged into
before being shipped somewhere else. Oftentimes these are used to ship a secretory
protein outside of the cell; the vesicle will fuse to the cell membrane, then release it
contents to the outside of the cell
, endomembrane system - ANSWER collection of membranes inside and around a
eukaryotic cell, related through the vesicles which make up all of them. Made up of
the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi, and vesicles.
ribosome - ANSWER organelle which synthesizes proteins by performing
dehydration synthesis on amino acid monomers. two types: bound and free.
bound ribosome - ANSWER ribosome found attached to the rough ER, makes
proteins which are to be shipped outside the cell
free ribosome - ANSWER ribosomes found scattered throughout the cell in the
cytosol, make proteins that are for use inside the cell.
nucleus - ANSWER part of the cell containing DNA and RNA and responsible for
growth and reproduction, 'information center' of the cell.
nucleolus - ANSWER organelle within the nucleus that produces ribosomes using
instructions from the rRNA (ribosomal RNA)
lysosome - ANSWER organelle; sac of membrane containing digestive enzymes
which work by hydrolysis and work at only the pH of the lysosome, so they do not
cause destruction when the lysosome secretes them, which is often. found usually
in animal cells.
vacuole - ANSWER Sac inside a cell that acts as a storage area for things like
proteins, carbohydrates, and water. Plants have a "large central" one of these which
is a main factor in their size.
mitochondria - ANSWER Organelle found in large numbers in most cells, in which
the biochemical processes of respiration and energy production occur. "Powerhouse
of the cell" as a middle school would put it. These were originally separate
organisms, but are now part of the cell, the evidence for this being in the fact that
they have their own DNA, reproduce by themselves, and have a double membrane.
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