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NP235 ABG 2024/2025 ;100% complete newest version guide (verified)
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NP235 ABG 2024/2025 ;100% complete newest version guide (verified)
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NP235 ABG(an insufficient production of antibodies, immune cells or both)
Leaves the body unable to resist foreign microbes or toxins
Viral infections such as influenza or infectious mononucleosis - ANS-Immune deficiency
disorders
•For Metabolic disorders remember the Ph changes in the same direction as the HC03
•For Respiratory disorders remember the Ph changes in the opposite direction as the Co2.
Metabolic Acidosis: Serum pH/Serum HC03 decreased ; the PaCo2 decreases to compensate.
Metabolic Alkalosis: Serum pH/Serum HC03 increased ; the PaCo2 increases to compensate.
Respiratory Acidosis: Serum pH decreased / PaCo2 increased ; the HC03 increases to
compensate
Respiratory Alkalosis: Serum pH increased / PaCo2 decreased ; HC03 decreases to
compensate. - ANS-Is is Metabolic or Respiratory?
•Inadequate oxygen at the tissue or cellular level (clinical judgement)
•Clinical signs/symptoms:
-Tachycardia
-Cyanosis
-Hyperventilation
-Restlessness, uncoordinated activities
-hypertension - ANS-Hypoxia:
•Indicator for the base reserve
•Reflects the kidneys and/ or metabolic function
•HCO3 (Acidosis) 22 24 26 (Alkalosis) - ANS-Bicarbonate (HCO3)
•Low oxygen content in arterial blood (seen on the ABGs) - ANS-Hypoxemia:
•Partial pressure of carbon dioxide
⮚CO2 functions as acid reserve
⮚Normal range is 35- 45 mmHg
⮚CO2 levels typically stimulate respiration
⮚pCO2 (Alkalosis) 35 40 45 (acidosis) - ANS-PaCO2
•Partial pressure of oxygen
, ▪Does not play an active role in acid/base balance
▪Normal for adults < 60 years is 80-100mmHg
▪After the age of 60, normal PaO2 levels are slightly lower due to decreasing lung compliance
Normal 80-100mmHg
Mild 60-80mmHg
Moderate 40-60mmHg
Severe <40mmHg - ANS-PaO2
•Percent of hemoglobin which is bound to oxygen
•Normal is 94-100% - ANS-Oxygen Saturation (SaO2)
•The level of the CO2 is controlled by breathing so any abnormal values in carbon dioxide levels
are considered to be a respiratory problem
•The level of HCO3 in the blood is controlled by the renal system so any abnormal values in the
Bicarbonate levels are considered to be a metabolic problem - ANS-ABG Interpretation
•The relative concentration of hydrogen in arterial blood
❖The chief component of acid-base balance
❖Normal Range is 7.35-7.45
(Acidosis) 7.35 7.40 7.45 (Alkalosis) - ANS-pH
●Kill bacteria - ANS-what's the purpose or mechanism of a fever?
●Neonates are susceptible to infection because they have an immature immune system.
●The thymus gland is largest during childhood and adolescence. After adolescence, it begins to
shrink in size, and its production of T lymphocytes decreases.
●Aging causes skin to become thin, less elastic, and more prone to injury. The skin is the first
barrier encountered by pathogens.
●Decreased ciliary action in the respiratory system and gastrointestinal tract results in
decreased removal of potentially harmful organisms.
●The presence of chronic diseases can decrease the immune response. - ANS-Age Related
changes
●Unusual bleeding or discharge
●A sore that does not heal
●A change in bowel or bladder habits
●A lump in the breast or other part of the body
●A nagging, persistent cough
●An obvious change in a mole
●Difficulty in swallowing - ANS-Warning Signs of Cancer
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