PSYC 2131 Introduction to Childhood
and Adolescence study guide solution
Thompson Rivers University
,large-muscle skills (aka gross motor skills) - --by age 5-6, child is running, jumping, skipping,
riding bicycle, walking up stairs, swing, etc. with confidence
fine motor skills in early childhood - ---Self-help: dressing, eating & tying shoes
-Drawing
-3 yr old -- pick up cheerios
-5 yr old -- thread beads
-Not highly skilled (ie -- when he uses crayon, he uses full body)
Callaghan on fine motor skills - ---early training (starting at 2.5) can increase the rate at which
young children develop fine motor skills
-effects are evident in studies of children's drawing
-training is more effective when child understands the figure that researchers are trying to
teach him to draw
sequence of drawing model - --1) Scribbles -- up to 30 mos
2) Single units -- 30-46 mos
3) Differentiated figures -- 46 mos - 7 yrs
4) Integrated whole (ie - cube and cylinder) -- 7+
Lateralization - --specialization of function in one hemisphere of the cerebral cortex or the
other
Corpus callosum - --structure through which left and right sides of cortex communication
*grows and matures during early childhood the most**
, Which side of the brain is language lateralized to? - --Left
True or False -- genes indicate which functions will be lateralized in which will not be - --True --
the fact that left-side processing of language appears so early in life suggests that lateralization
of these functions are dictated by genes
*experience shapes the pace of lateralization*
True or false -- preschoolers who have advanced skills in everyday speech and on standardized
tasks will have the highest levels of left-side lateralization of these functions - --True
Reticular formation - --Regulates attention and concentration -- myelination is an important
milestone in early childhood
Hippocampus - --involved in transfer of information to long-term memory; myelination and
maturation accounts for improvements in memory function across the preschool years
Infantile amnesia - --inability to remember much about the first 3 years of life is due to
maturation of connections bw hippocampus and cerebral cortex
-- memories prior to age 3 are small in number and fragmentary
-- Piaget -- early memories are influenced by adult's verbal recollections that kids hear later in
life
Handedness - --tendency to rely primarily on left or right hand
--majority of people are right-handed due to genetic inheritance
-- 1 gene = dominant and is so common most ppl receive two copies
-- another gene = degree to which person depends on their dominant hand
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